Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
| Voiced alveolar lateral fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɮ | |||
| IPA number | 149 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
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| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɮ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+026E | ||
| X-SAMPA | K\ | ||
| Braille |    | ||
| |||
| Voiced postalveolar lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɮ̠ | |
| Audio sample | |
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A voiced alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
Notation
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is ⟨ɮ⟩, sometimes referred to as lezh.
In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to heng ⟨ꜧ⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨ɮ⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version, ⟨.svg.png){kind=small}
⟩, that was included in the 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨ɮ⟩ at the 1989 Kiel Convention.[1] Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨ɮ⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.[2][3][4][5][6]
Related characters
There are several Unicode characters based on lezh (ɮ):
- U+1079E 𐞞 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH is a superscript IPA letter[7]
- U+1079F 𐞟 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is a superscript IPA letter[7]
- U+1DF05 𝼅 LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK is an extension to IPA for disordered speech (extIPA)[7][8]
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Dental or denti-alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amis[9] | Kangko | ada | [ʔaɮ̟aʔ] | 'enemy' | May be realized as denti-alveolar [ɮ̟] or interdental [ɮ̪͆]. Corresponds to [ð̪] in the Fengpin dialect. |
Alveolar
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | къалэ | ⓘ | 'town' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Bura[10] | dlambà | [ɮamba] | 'cloud' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [𝼆].[10] | |
| English | South African | ibandla | [iˈbaːnɮa] | 'meeting of a Nguni chief or community' | Only found in Zulu loan words in South African English. |
| Kabalan | dedan | [ɮə'an] | 'sky' | ||
| Kabardian | блы | ⓘ | 'seven' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Ket | олын | [ɔɮɨn] | 'nose' | Can also be pronounced as [l] | |
| Moloko[11] | zlan | [ɮàŋ] | 'start, begin' | Contrasts with [ɬ], [l] and [ʒ] | |
| Mongolian | монгол | [ˈmɔɴɢɞ̆ɮ] | 'Mongol' | Devoiced to [ɬ] at the end of a word or when surrounded by voiceless consonants | |
| Pinuyumayan | lrevek | [ɮə'vək] | 'tooth' | Puyuma dialect doesn't have the sound. | |
| Sassarese | caldhu | ⓘ | 'hot' | ||
| Tera[12] | dlepti | [ɮè̞pti] | 'planting' | Contrasts with both [ɬ] and [l] | |
| Truku | lukus | ['ɮukus] | 'clothes' | ||
| Zulu[13] | ukudla | [úɠùːɮá] | 'to eat' | Contrasts with both [ɬ] and [l]; realized as [dɮ] after nasals | |
Voiced lateral-median fricative
| Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʫ | |||
| ð̠ˡ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
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| |||
| Voiced dental lateral–median fricative | |
|---|---|
| ʫ̪ | |
| ðˡ |
The voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Features
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic[14][15][16] | Rijal Almaʽa | ضَبْعْ | [ðˡˤabʕ] | 'hyena' | Classical Arabic ɮˁ and Modern Standard Arabic [dˤ] |
| Mehri[15] | ذوفر | [ðˡˤoːfar] | 'plait' | ||
See also
Notes
- ^ Wells, John (3 November 2006). "The symbol ɮ". John Wells’s phonetic blog. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ Newman, Paul (1964). "A word list of Tera". Journal of West African Languages. 1 (2): 33–50.
- ^ Catford, J. C.; Ladefoged, Peter (1968). Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises. University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^ Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970). Introduction to Phonetics. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 0-521-21100-X.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1971). Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-226-46787-2.
- ^ MacKay, Ian (1987). Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production (2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p. 106. ISBN 0-316-54238-5.
- ^ a b c Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11). "L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" (PDF).
- ^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).
- ^ Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005), pp. 154–155.
- ^ Friesen (2017), p. 49.
- ^ Tench (2007), p. 228.
- ^ Poulos & Msimang (1998), p. 548.
- ^ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
- ^ a b Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
- ^ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
References
- Friesen, Isaac (2017), A grammar of Moloko (1st ed.), Language Science Press
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Poulos, George; Msimang, Christian T. (1998), A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu (1st ed.), Via Afrika
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
