Mejiro Palmer
| Mejiro Palmer メジロパーマー | |
|---|---|
Mejiro Palmer, in 2002 | |
| Sire | Mejiro Eagle[1] |
| Grandsire | Mejiro Samman[1] |
| Dam | Mejiro Fantasy[1] |
| Damsire | Gay Mecene[1] |
| Sex | Stallion[1] |
| Foaled | March 21, 1987[2][3] |
| Died | April 7, 2012 (aged 25)[4] |
| Country | Japan[1] |
| Colour | Bay[1] |
| Breeder | Mejiro Stud[1] |
| Owner | Mejiro Shouji Co Ltd |
| Trainer | Masaaki Okubo |
| Jockey | Taisei Yamada |
| Record | 38: 9-5-2[5] |
| Earnings | 536,742,200 yen[1] |
| Major wins | |
| Sapporo Kinen (1991) Niigata Daishoten (1992) Takarazuka Kinen (1992) Arima Kinen (1992) Hanshin Daishoten (1993) | |
| Awards | |
| JRA Award for Best Older Male Horse (1992) JRA Award for Best Home-Bred Sire (1992) | |
| Last updated on 1 February 2026 | |
Mejiro Palmer (Japanese: メジロパーマー, Hepburn: Mejiro Pāmā; March 21, 1987 – April 7, 2012) was a Japanese Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was known as the fifth horse in history to win both grand prix races, the Takarazuka Kinen and Arima Kinen in the same season (1992).[6] He was also known as the first Japanese horse to win a G1 race after switching back from steeplechase race to flat race.[7] Together alongside Mejiro Ryan and Mejiro McQueen who were born in 1987 (Showa 62), they were known as the flower class of 62 (花の62年組).[8]
Background
Mejiro Palmer was foaled out of Mejiro Fantasy who won one races out of four starts. Mejiro Fantasy's dam, Princess Lyphard was full sister to the sire Mogami, so she was expected to have good bloodlines.[9] His sire, Mejiro Eagle won seven races in 19 starts in which his major win came in the 1978 Kyoto Shimbun Hai. He also finished in third place behind Inter Gushiken in 1978 Kikuka Sho.[10] All of Mejiro Eagles' victory came in his trademark runaway front-running style, which being passed on into Mejiro Palmer himself.[9]
His name came from the crown name of Mejiro Stud - Mejiro and Arnold Palmer, an American golfer.[11]
Racing career
Early seasons (1989 – 1991)
He made his debut on August 12, 1989, in Hakodate Racecourse. He finished the race at second place six lengths behind the winner, Zogebune Megami.[12][13] He then placed second place again for his second start before winning his third maiden race.[14] He maintained his winning streak at the Cosmos Sho before losing in the next two races. Unfortunately, he suffered a fracture in his left hind leg after the latter races and was placed on a long break of more than six months.[14] When he made a comeback in the next season, he was placed in a semi-open class due to lack of prize money won.[15] Since returning in June 1990, he would had a losing streak of 11 straight races up for a year.[14] During that time, he raced in two graded races which were the Hakodate Kinen in which he finished seventh and the 1991 Tenno Sho (Spring) where he finished down in thirteenth-place.[16][17]
Mejiro Palmer's performance became better as he snatched a win in the Tokachidake Tokubetsu in June 22.[12] Riding this momentum, he entered the Sapporo Kinen (GIII), favored as the fourth favorite by his light 51 kg handicap. Despite getting a slow start, he took the lead in the second corner and led the pack alone.[14] He then held off G1 regulars such as Mogami Champion and Kamino Cresse who were chasing him hard in the straight to finish the race first. This marked his first graded race victory in the summer of his fifth year.[14][18] Then, he returned to slump again as he was failing to run well in the next three races including a last place finish in the Kyoto Daishoten.[5] This streak prompting the trainers to switch him into the steeplechase race. He passed the test in a record time for the switching program.[19] This switch was working as he won his maiden steeplechase race and placed second on the next one. When the second race concluded, Okubo who was his trainer felt in doubt that his jumping was too low from the hurdles.[14] This suspicion was right as his legs were swollen and there were abrasions all over the place despite the good result.[20][21] Okubo then cancelled the plan for Mejiro Palmer to became a steeplechase horserace and re-adjusted him to the flat races after a period of rest.[22]
Five-year-old season (1992)
He started the season in the Coral Stakes on March 29 where he ended up in fourth place. For the next race, Mejiro Palmer was first time being paired with his main jockey, Taisei Yamada who was a budding 21-years-old young man at that time.[14] In the Tenno Sho (Spring), Mejiro Palmer did his trademark runaway but gassed near the end and finished in seventh-place behind Mejiro McQueen.[23][5] On May 17, he ran in the Niigata Daishoten. He took the lead from the start, held off the pack, stretched his legs in the straight and won by four lengths to claim his second graded race win. Okubo who was flattered by this win registered him for the Takarazuka Kinen as his win in the Niigata Daishoten earned him the recommended slot despite not qualified by the voting.[24][19]
The 1992 Takarazuka Kinen was supposed to be the battleground between Tokai Teio and Mejiro McQueen but both were dismissed due to injuries. The entries for this Takarazuka Kinen was thin as there were only 2 G1 winners present which were Daiyusaku (1991 Arima Kinen winner) and Daitaku Helios (1991 Mile Championship winner).[25] Majiro Palmer sat at ninth favourite whilst the major favourite for the race was Kamino Cresse.[26] When the gates opened, Mejiro Palmer started from gate 12 which was the second outermost gate, took the lead and held off Daitaku Helios who was trying to take the lead from the inside. Daitaku Helios did not push too hard on that and Mejiro Palmer was able to break away alone. Daitaku Helios and Kamino Cresse tried to catch Mejiro Palmer at the second half of the race but cannot surpass him. Instead, Mr. Spain overtook the gassed Daitaku Helios on the final phase for the podium and albeit Mejiro Palmer lost the pace at the end straight, he held on to win his first G1 race by three lengths over Kamino Cresse.[26][6] His jockey, Yamada quoted after the race that the horse already losing momentum at the third corner and declining after the fourth but he never looked back and kept on going for the win.[11]
He was rested at the Mejiro Stud the whole summer and started his autumn campaign in the Kyoto Daishoten. Yamada was injured from falling the previous day of the race but he opted in for the race.[27] As usual, Mejiro Palmer surged early for the lead but sooner get caught on the final corner and finished in ninth.[28] The next race would be the Autumn Tenno Sho but without his normal jockey as he was not fully healed, which he was replaced by Shinji Fujita.[6] In this race, he was in a battle with Daitaku Helios from the start. Although he ran the first 1000 meters at a high pace of 57.5 seconds, he lost momentum in the straight and fell back to 17th place.[29] Okubo skipped the Japan Cup due to poor performances in the previous two races and opted for the Arima Kinen instead.[29] In the voting list, Mejiro Palmer was not qualified for the race but as he was the reigning Takarazuka Kinen winner, he was being recommended and accepted to join the race.[30] Yamada would came back for the reins on the race day.[31]
Unlike back in Takarazuka Kinen, the field for the 1992 Arima Kinen was full of great horses. With the likes of Tokai Teio, Rice Shower, Nice Nature, Hishi Masaru, Legacy World, White Stone, Leo Durban, Let's Go Tarquin and Daitaku Helios joining in, Mejiro Palmer only managed to be the 15th favourite to win the race at 49.4 odds.[31] This field did not fazed Yamada and Mejiro Palmer as they boldly took the lead, while Daitaku Helios, seemingly overwhelmed by his momentum was held back by his jockey and dropped to second place.[6] These two horses would held on to the lead that went on up to 15 lengths over the other competitors.[6] At the final corner, Mejiro Palmer managed to overtook the gassed out Daitaku Helios for the lead and ran as fast as he could to the line as he also losing pace. Legacy World surged from the back pack and almost caught Mejiro Palmer on the line as the later manage to held on by a nose margin.[30][31] With this win, Mejiro Palmer snatched both grand prix races and became the fifth horse since Inari One back in 1989 season to accomplish it.[6] Yamada reminisced after the win, "Even when Daitaku Helios came at me on the home stretch, I was able to release the bit myself and maintain the horse's pace without getting caught. Palmer held on well until the end. He really did his best."[30]
Mejiro Palmer won three races out of seven starts in 1992. He was awarded with the JRA Award for Best Older Male Horse and for best home-bred sire. He was also the runner-up to Mihono Bourbon on the Japanese Horse of the Year award.[30]
Later seasons (1993 – 1994)
In the beginning of new season, Mejiro Palmer ran in the Hanshin Daishoten. When the race started, He asserted his lead and made a solo breakaway. The horses behind him closed in on him in the third corner of the second lap. In the straight, he was locked in a close race with Takeno Velvet, Nice Nature, and others. Yamada waited for the horses behind to close in before ordering Mejiro Palmer to make a sprint. He overtook Takeno Velvet and Nice Nature and crossed the finish line by half a length.[32] This win would eventually turned out to be the last win of his career.[12]
In the upcoming Spring Tenno Sho, Mejiro Palmer ran away at the start like usual. In the third corner of the second lap, Rice Shower and Mejiro McQueen came alongside him on the uphill slope, but he was overtaken in the straight, but he continued to hang on. Both of the horses battling it out to the line while Mejiro Palmer finished in third behind those two.[33] For the rest of the year, he competed in five graded races and finished outside of podiums in all of them.[19] He shown signs of recovery in the beginning of 1994 season when he placed second in the Nikkei Shinshun Hai, two lengths behind Monsieur Siecle.[34] However, he was diagnosed with flexor tendonitis in his left foreleg injury after the race. This injury eventually led to his retirement due to his age.[6] He was retired and deregistered from racing on September 22, 1994.[35]
Racing form
Mejiro Palmer won nine races out of 38 starts (36 flats, 2 steeplechase). This data is available in JBIS and netkeiba.[12][5]
| Date | Track | Name | Grade | Distance (Condition) |
Field | Finished | Time | Jockey | Winner (2nd Place) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 – two-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Aug 12, 1989 | Hakodate | 2YO debut | 1000m (Firm) | 7 | 2nd | 1:00.1 | Masato Shibata | Zogebune Megami | ||||
| Aug 26, 1989 | Hakodate | 2YO debut | 1000m (Firm) | 7 | 2nd | 0:59.2 | Masato Shibata | Golden Stella | ||||
| Sep 9, 1989 | Hakodate | 2YO maiden | 1200m (Soft) | 9 | 1st | 1:13.6 | Hiroshi Tamogi | (Pot Mitsuru Boy) | ||||
| Sep 23, 1989 | Hakodate | Cosmos Sho | OP | 1700m (Soft) | 7 | 1st | 1:47.7 | Hiroshi Tamogi | (King of Track) | |||
| Oct 14, 1989 | Kyoto | Hagi Stakes | OP | 1200m (Firm) | 9 | 9th | 1:11.9 | Yoshiyuki Muramoto | Heisei Tomi O | |||
| Nov 25, 1989 | Kyoto | Kyoto Sansai Stakes | OP | 1600m (Firm) | 10 | 8th | 1:38.2 | Yoshiyasu Tajima | Nichido Thunder | |||
| 1990 – three-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Jun 17, 1990 | Sapporo | Elm Stakes | 1800m (Firm) | 6 | 5th | 1:51.7 | Hiroshi Kawachi | Uto Time | ||||
| Jul 8, 1990 | Sapporo | Hochi Hai Daisetsu Handicap | 1700m (Fast) | 6 | 6th | 1:45.1 | Mikio Matsunaga | Shin Noble | ||||
| Jul 22, 1990 | Sapporo | Doshin Hai | OP | 1800m (Firm) | 11 | 5th | 1:49.9 | Mikio Matsunaga | Uto Time | |||
| Aug 5, 1990 | Hakodate | Tomoe Sho | OP | 1800m (Firm) | 9 | 8th | 1:48.0 | Mikio Matsunaga | Lucky Guerlain | |||
| Aug 19, 1990 | Hakodate | Hakodate Kinen | G3 | 2000m (Firm) | 15 | 7th | 2:00.4 | Mikio Matsunaga | Lucky Guerlain | |||
| 1991 – four-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Mar 2, 1991 | Chukyo | Suzuka Stakes | 1200m (Firm) | 16 | 12th | 1:10.8 | Yoshiyuki Muramoto | Golden Rikka | ||||
| Mar 24, 1991 | Kyoto | Ohara Stakes | 2400m (Good) | 14 | 3rd | 2:26.5 | Koichi Tsunoda | Tai Eagle | ||||
| Apr 6, 1991 | Kyoto | Osaka Jo Stakes | OP | 2400m (Firm) | 12 | 4th | 2:27.2 | Yoshiyuki Muramoto | Erimo Passer | |||
| Apr 28, 1991 | Kyoto | Tenno Sho (Spring) | G1 | 3200m (Firm) | 18 | 13th | 3:21.6 | Yoshiyuki Muramoto | Mejiro McQueen | |||
| Jun 8, 1991 | Sapporo | Niseko Tokubetsu | ALW (1W) | 1800m (Firm) | 14 | 2nd | 1:48.7 | Mikio Matsunaga | Super Shinzan | |||
| Jun 22, 1991 | Sapporo | Tokachidake Tokubetsu | ALW (1W) | 1800m (Firm) | 6 | 1st | 1:48.8 | Mikio Matsunaga | (Largest) | |||
| Jun 30, 1991 | Sapporo | Sapporo Kinen | G3 | 2000m (Firm) | 16 | 1st | 2:00.9 | Mikio Matsunaga | (Mogami Champion) | |||
| Aug 4, 1991 | Hakodate | Tomoe Sho | OP | 1800m (Heavy) | 14 | 6th | 1:51.7 | Mikio Matsunaga | Tsurumai Nus | |||
| Aug 18, 1991 | Hakodate | Hakodate Kinen | G3 | 2000m (Firm) | 14 | 5th | 1:59.8 | Mikio Matsunaga | Mejiro Marsyas | |||
| Oct 6, 1991 | Kyoto | Kyoto Daishoten | G2 | 2400m (Firm) | 7 | 7th | 2:29.7 | Koichi Tsunoda | Mejiro McQueen | |||
| Nov 2, 1991 | Kyoto | 3YO+ debut jump | 3000m (Fast) | 9 | 1st | 3:24.5 | Toshiro Oshida | (Calstone Parthia) | ||||
| Dec 1, 1991 | Hanshin | 3YO+ maiden jump | 3150m (Fast) | 11 | 2nd | 3:32.5 | Toshiro Oshida | Ein Kaiser | ||||
| 1992 – five-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Mar 29, 1992 | Hanshin | Coral Stakes | OP | 1400m (Soft) | 13 | 4th | 1:24.8 | Takayuki Yasuda | Bamboo Passion | |||
| Apr 26, 1992 | Kyoto | Tenno Sho (Spring) | G1 | 3200m (Firm) | 14 | 7th | 3:22.9 | Taisei Yamada | Mejiro McQueen | |||
| May 17, 1992 | Niigata | Niigata Daishoten | G3 | 2200m (Firm) | 13 | 1st | 2:13.4 | Taisei Yamada | (Tanino Borero) | |||
| Jun 14, 1992 | Hanshin | Takarazuka Kinen | G1 | 2200m (Firm) | 13 | 1st | 2:18.6 | Taisei Yamada | (Kamino Cresse) | |||
| Oct 11, 1992 | Kyoto | Kyoto Daishoten | G2 | 2400m (Firm) | 14 | 9th | 2:26.1 | Taisei Yamada | Osumi Roch | |||
| Nov 1, 1992 | Tokyo | Tenno Sho (Autumn) | G1 | 2000m (Firm) | 18 | 17th | 2:00.4 | Shinji Fujita | Let's Go Tarquin | |||
| Dec 27, 1992 | Nakayama | Arima Kinen | G1 | 2500m (Firm) | 16 | 1st | 2:33.5 | Taisei Yamada | (Legacy World) | |||
| 1993 – six-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Mar 14, 1993 | Hanshin | Hanshin Daishoten | G2 | 3000m (Firm) | 11 | 1st | R3:09.2 | Taisei Yamada | (Takeno Velvet) | |||
| Apr 25, 1993 | Kyoto | Tenno Sho (Spring) | G1 | 3200m (Firm) | 15 | 3rd | 3:17.6 | Taisei Yamada | Rice Shower | |||
| Jun 13, 1993 | Hanshin | Takarazuka Kinen | G1 | 2200m (Firm) | 11 | 10th | 2:21.5 | Taisei Yamada | Mejiro McQueen | |||
| Oct 10, 1993 | Kyoto | Kyoto Daishoten | G2 | 2400m (Firm) | 10 | 9th | 2:25.7 | Taisei Yamada | Mejiro McQueen | |||
| Oct 30, 1993 | Kyoto | Swan Stakes | G2 | 1400m (Soft) | 16 | 11th | 1:22.7 | Taisei Yamada | Shinko Lovely | |||
| Nov 28, 1993 | Tokyo | Japan Cup | G1 | 2400m (Firm) | 16 | 10th | 2:25.4 | Taisei Yamada | Legacy World | |||
| Dec 26, 1993 | Nakayama | Arima Kinen | G1 | 2500m (Firm) | 14 | 6th | 2:31.9 | Norihiro Yokoyama | Tokai Teio | |||
| 1994 – seven-year-old season | ||||||||||||
| Jan 23, 1994 | Hanshin | Nikkei Shinshun Hai | G2 | 2500m (Firm) | 16 | 2nd | 2:35.8 | Taisei Yamada | Monsieur Siecle | |||
Legend:
Turf
Dirt
Steeplechase
- R indicated that it was a record time finish
Stud record and death
Mejiro Palmer started his stud duty at Arrow Stud in Hokkaido.[36] He retired as a stud in 2002 and moved back to the Mejiro Farm (later changed the name to Lake Villa Farm in 2011).[4][36] Overall he managed to breed with 102 mares and produced 62 foals from 1995 until 2002.[37] His best progeny was Mejiro Raiden who won the JG2 race, Kyoto High Jump.[38]
On April 7, 2012, Mejiro Palmer died due to sudden heart attack.[4]
In popular culture
An anthropomorphized version of Mejiro Palmer appears in Umamusume: Pretty Derby, voiced by Yuri Noguchi.
Pedigree
| Sire Mejiro Eagle |
Mejiro Samman | Charlottesville | Prince Chevalier |
|---|---|---|---|
| Noorani | |||
| Paradisea | Aureole | ||
| Chenille | |||
| Amazon Warrior | Khaled | Hyperion | |
| Eclair | |||
| War Betsy | War Relic | ||
| Betsy Ross | |||
| Dam Mejiro Fantasy |
Gay Mecene | Vaguely Noble | Vienna |
| Noble Lassie | |||
| Gay Missile | Sir Gaylord | ||
| Missy Baba | |||
| Princess Lyphard | Lyphard | Northern Dancer | |
| Goofed | |||
| No Luck | Lucky Debonair | ||
| No Teasing (Family 1-x)[3] |
- Mejiro Palmer was an inbred by 5 x 4 to Hyperion (Aureole's sire), 4 x 5 to Aureole (Vienna's sire) and 5 x 5 to Nearco (Noorani's and Noble Lassie's sire)
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mejiro Palmer(JPN) | JBIS-Search". www.jbis.jp. Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association. Archived from the original on 5 January 2026. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b "Free 5X Pedigrees for Thoroughbreds =Mejiro Palmer (JPN)". www.equineline.com. The Jockey Club Information Systems, Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c "Mejiro Palmer Pedigree | Horse Profile". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c "競馬のメジロパーマー死ぬ/92年宝塚、有馬記念制覇" [Horse racing legend Mejiro Palmer dies / 1992 Takarazuka and Arima Kinen winner]. 四国新聞社 (in Japanese). Shikoku Newspaper. 9 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 June 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c d "Mejiro Palmer Race Record and Form | Horse Profile". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 11 October 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g Miyoshi, Tatsuhiko (16 July 2024). "【名馬列伝】波乱を呼び起こす個性派メジロパーマー。紆余曲折の競走馬生活だからこそ生まれた魅惑の逃走劇<後編>" [[Legends of a Great Horse] Mejiro Palmer, the unique horse that stirs up trouble. A fascinating escape drama born out of the twists and turns of a racing horse's life. (Part 2)]. THE DIGEST (in Japanese). Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing inc. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ "メジロパーマー" [Mejiro Palmer]. LAKE VILLA FARM (in Japanese). 18 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). October 2004. p. 18.
- ^ a b "メジロパーマー | アイケー血統研究所" [Mejiro Palmer | IK Bloodline Research Institute]. www.ik-x.com (in Japanese). IK Pedigree Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 November 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ "メジロパーマー | 馬・牧場・施設検索 | 競走馬のふるさと案内所" [Mejiro Palmer | Horse, Stud Farm & Facility Search | Racehorse Heritage Centre]. uma-furusato.com (in Japanese). JBBA. Archived from the original on 23 June 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b Yushun (in Japanese). August 1992. pp. 140–143.
- ^ a b c d "Race Records | Mejiro Palmer(JPN) | JBIS-Search". www.jbis.jp. Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association. Archived from the original on 9 August 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ "2yo Debut Full Result | R2". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. 12 August 1989. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f g Miyoshi, Tatsuhiko (15 July 2024). "【名馬列伝】ライアン、マックイーンの同牧場同期に劣らぬ個性派メジロパーマー。障害入り試みるも、訪れた"相思相愛"ジョッキーと運命の出会い<前編>" [[Legends of the Great Horse] Mejiro Palmer, a unique horse who is no less impressive than Ryan and McQueen's fellow ranchmates. He attempts to enter the hurdles, but meets a jockey with whom he has a mutual love. (Part 1)]. THE DIGEST (in Japanese). Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing inc. Archived from the original on 21 June 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). April 2006. pp. 49–54.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). October 1990. pp. 146–147.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). July 1991. pp. 142–145.
- ^ "Sapporo Kinen (G3) Full Result | R10". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. 30 June 1991. Archived from the original on 11 October 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ a b c Reading Famous Horses (in Japanese). pp. 242–247.
- ^ Hanaoka, Takako (5 July 2018). "障害帰りのGI馬メジロパーマー列伝。障害界の怪物オジュウチョウサンは続けるか/ウマ娘史実シリーズ(花岡貴子) - 個人 - Yahoo!ニュース" [The legend of Mejiro Palmer, a GI horse returning from an obstacle race. Will Oju Chosan, the monster of the obstacle race, continue?]. Yahoo!ニュース (in Japanese). Yahoo Japan Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Weekly 100 Famous Horses (in Japanese). p. 6.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). February 2000. pp. 92–95.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). June 1992. pp. 140–143.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). July 1992. p. 174.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). July 1992. pp. 36–38.
- ^ a b "第33回宝塚記念(GI)" [The 33rd Takarazuka Kinen (GI)]. netkeiba (in Japanese). NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. 14 June 1992. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Weekly Top 100 Horses (in Japanese). p. 8.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). November 1992. p. 25.
- ^ a b Yushun (in Japanese). January 1993. pp. 136–139.
- ^ a b c d Yushun (in Japanese). February 1993. pp. 8, 150–153.
- ^ a b c "Arima Kinen (G1) Full Result | R9". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. 27 December 1992. Archived from the original on 30 July 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). May 1993. pp. 136–137.
- ^ Yushun (in Japanese). June 1993. pp. 140–143.
- ^ "Nikkei Shinshun Hai (G2) Full Result | R11". netkeiba. NET DREAMERS, Co., Ltd. 23 January 1994. Archived from the original on 7 August 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ Horse Racing Famous Horse Reader 3 (in Japanese). p. 159.
- ^ a b Yushun (in Japanese). April 2006. p. 55.
- ^ "Statistics | Stallion Reports | Mejiro Palmer(JPN) | JBIS-Search". www.jbis.jp. Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association. Archived from the original on 9 August 2025. Retrieved 1 February 2026.
- ^ "Mejiro Raiden(JPN) | JBIS-Search". www.jbis.jp. Japan Bloodhorse Breeders' Association. Retrieved 1 February 2026.