List of modern sovereign states by date of formation

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence) and date of their current form of government (their constitution), this later sorted by continent.

This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.[note 1]

For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history.[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.[2][3][4] Many countries have gained independence from other Western European empires, including 23 from Spain, 7 from Portugal, 4 from the Netherlands, 3 from Belgium, and 2 from Italy.[5][6]

An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See Disputed territories.

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list takes into account the existence of states (and their predecessor states) in an independent and continuous manner, ignoring historical periods in which states existed in the territories of the current states that were extinguished through conquest and annexation. Periods of colonial rule are also not counted. Foreign military occupations are included when the occupying nation does not have the objective of annexation or when a government in exile exists.

The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g., 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g., 19 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g., 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland-Lithuania, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[7]

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e., not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), which was completely abolished after the German reunification in 1990. Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany, not a GDR successor state.

The list does not include states of the Holy Roman Empire or vassal or autonomous states of the Ottoman Empire and Russian Empire, as it considers these autonomous subdivisions and not sovereign states. British dominions before the adoption of the Statute of Westminster of 1931 are also not included, as these are also considered autonomous dependent states (similar to present-day Puerto Rico and Greenland) because although they had autonomy in internal affairs, they still depended on the metropole (in this case the United Kingdom) for foreign policy and defense.

The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)

Country Continent Acquisition
of full sovereignty 		Date of last
subordination 		Previous governing power Historical Notes Capital
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan Asia 27 May 1863 30 August 2021 Durrani Empire
United States 		2021–present: Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)

2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government)
2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
1996–2001: Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2001-2021: American Occupation
1992–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan Islamic State of Afghanistan [note 2]
1987–1992: Afghanistan Republic of Afghanistan
1978–1987: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1973–1978: Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Republic of Afghanistan
1926–1973: Kingdom of Afghanistan Kingdom of Afghanistan
1863–1926: Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan

Kabul
Albania Europe 28 Nov 1912 Nov 1944[8] Germany 1992–present: Republic of Albania

1946–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1944–46: Democratic Government of Albania
1943–44: Albania Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied by Nazi Germany Germany
1939–43: Albania Kingdom of Albania, a monarchy in personal union with Kingdom of Italy Italy as the
1928–39: Albanian Kingdom
1925–1928: Albanian Republic
1914–1925: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence)
1912–1914: Albania Independent Albania

 Tirana
Algeria Africa 3 July 1962[9] 3 July 1962[10]  France 1962–present: Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords) Algiers
Andorra Europe 7 Sep 1278[11][12] Nov 1944[13] France 1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944) Andorra la Vella
Angola Africa 11 Nov 1975[14] 11 Nov 1975 Portugal 1992–present: Republic of Angola
1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement) 		Luanda
Antigua and Barbuda The Americas 1 Nov 1981[15] 1 Nov 1981 United Kingdom 1981–present:  Antigua and Barbuda, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
 St. John's
Argentina The Americas 25 May 1810 9 July 1816[16] Spain 1861–present: Argentina Argentine Republic, a federation

1831–1861: Argentine Confederation [note 3]
1816–1830: United Provinces of South America [note 4]
1810-1816: United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, monarchy in personal union with Spain

Buenos Aires
Armenia Asia/Europe 23 Sep 1991 23 Sep 1991[17] Soviet Union 1991–present: Armenia Republic of Armenia
 Yerevan
Australia Australia 9 Oct 1942[note 5] 9 Oct 1942 United Kingdom 1942–present: Australia Commonwealth of Australia, a Federation[18] and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
 Canberra
Austria Europe 10 September 1919 [note 6] 27 July 1955 World War II Allies ( Allied-occupied Austria):
United Kingdom
United States
Soviet Union
France 		1955–present: Republic of Austria, a federation (via Austrian State Treaty)
1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria
1938–45: Annexed by Nazi Germany
1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy)
1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain)
1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I) (New State) 		Vienna
Azerbaijan Asia/Europe 30 Aug 1991 30 Aug 1991 Soviet Union

Iran

1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan Baku
Bahamas The Americas 10 July 1973[19] 10 July 1973  United Kingdom 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Nassau
Bahrain Asia 16 Dec 1971 16 Dec 1971  United Kingdom 1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain
 Manama
Bangladesh Asia 16 Dec 1971 16 Dec 1971 Pakistan 1972–present: Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh 		Dhaka
Barbados The Americas 30 Nov 1966 30 Nov 1966  United Kingdom 2021–present: Barbados, a republican state
1966-2021: Barbados, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Bridgetown
Belarus Europe 25 Aug 1991[note 7] 25 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Belarus Minsk
Belgium Europe 4 Oct 1830 1945 Germany 1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium, a constitutional monarchy.
5th may 1993–present: a federation since the fourth state reform
1830–4th May 1993: a unitary state divided into provinces 		Brussels
Belize The Americas 21 Sep 1981[20] 21 Sep 1981 United Kingdom 1981–present: Belize, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Belmopan
Benin Africa 1 Aug 1960 1 Aug 1960 France 1990–present: Republic of Benin
1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin

1960–1975: Republic of Dahomey

Porto-Novo
Bhutan Asia 1616 1616 Tibet 1616–present: Kingdom of Bhutan Thimphu
Bolivia The Americas 6 Aug 1825 6 Aug 1825 Spain 2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia

1839–2009: Republic of Bolivia
1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia

La Paz and Sucre
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 3 Mar 1992 3 Mar 1992 Yugoslavia 1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina, a Federation

1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Sarajevo
Botswana Africa 30 Sep 1966[21] 30 Sep 1966 United Kingdom 1966–present : Republic of Botswana
 Gaborone
Brazil The Americas 7 Sep 1822[22] 29 Aug 1825 [note 8] United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1985–Present: Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic) (a federation)

1964–1985: Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil (Military Dictatorship) (Fifth Brazilian Republic) (a federation)
1946–1964: Brazil United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic) (a federation)
1930–1946: Brazil United States of Brazil (Vargas Era) (Second and Third Brazilian Republics) (a federation)
1889–1930: Brazil Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic) (a federation)
1822–1889: Empire of Brazil (a unitary state)

 Brasília
Brunei Asia 1 Jan 1984 1 Jan 1984 United Kingdom 1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace Bandar Seri Begawan
Bulgaria Europe 5 Oct 1908 5 Oct 1908 Ottoman Empire 1990–present: Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria

1946–1990: Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria
1908–1946: Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) Tsardom of Bulgaria (reunified with Eastern Rumelia where was a part of the Ottoman Empire)

 Sofia
Burkina Faso Africa 5 Aug 1960[23] 5 Aug 1960 France 1984–present: Burkina Faso

1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta

Ouagadougou
Burundi Africa 1 July 1962 1 July 1962 Belgium 1966–present: Republic of Burundi

1962–1966: Kingdom of Burundi

 Gitega
Cambodia Asia 9 Nov 1953 9 Nov 1953[24] France
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia 		1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia

1992–1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
1989–1992: State of Cambodia
1979–1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea
1975–1979: Democratic Kampuchea
1970–1975: Khmer Republic
1953–1970: Kingdom of Cambodia

 Phnom Penh
Cameroon Africa 1 Jan 1960 1 Oct 1961 France
United Kingdom 		1972–present: Republic of Cameroon, unitary state

1961-1972: Federal Republic of Cameroon
1960-1961: Republic of Cameroon, unitary state

Note:
French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.

Iaundé
Canada The Americas 11 Dec 1931[note 9] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom
Ottawa
Cape Verde Africa 5 July 1975 5 July 1975[26] Portugal 1975–present: Republic of Cabo Verde Praia
Central African Republic Africa 13 Aug 1960 13 Aug 1960  France 1960–present: Central African Republic
 Bangui
Chad Africa 11 Aug 1960 11 Aug 1960  France 1960–present: Republic of Chad N'Djamena
Chile The Americas 12 Feb 1818[note 10] 12 Feb 1818 Spain 1990–Present: Chile Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored)

1973–1990: Chile Chilean Military Dictatorship
1925–1973: Chile Chilean Presidential Republic
1891–1925: Chile Parliamentary Chile
1861–1891: Chile Liberal Chile
1830–1861: Chile Conservative Chile
1823–1830: Chile Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic)
1818–1823: Chile Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland)

Santiago
China Asia 17 Feb 1616 [note 11] 2 Sep 1945 Japan (partial occupation)

1937–1945: Japanese Invasion
1916–present: Republic of China (based in Taiwan since 1949)
1915–1916: Empire of China
1912–1915: Republic of China
1636–1912: Great Qing (informally called Chinese Empire) [note 12]
1616-1636: Great Jin (New state)

The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.

Beijing
Colombia The Americas 7 Aug 1819 7 Aug 1819 Spain 1886–present: Colombia Republic of Colombia (unitary state)

1863–1886: United States of Colombia (federal state)
1858–1863: Granadine Confederation (confederal state)
1831–1858: Republic of New Granada (unitary state)
1819–1831: Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state)

 Bogotá
Comoros Africa 6 July 1975 6 July 1975  France 2001–present:Union of the Comores, a Federation

1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros

 Moroni
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Africa 30 June 1960 30 June 1960  Belgium

1997–present: Democratic Republic of the Congo
1971–1997: Zaire Republic of Zaire
1964–1971: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
1960–1964: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

 Kinshasa
Congo, Republic of the Africa 15 Aug 1960 15 Aug 1960  France

1992–present: Republic of the Congo
1969–1992: People's Republic of the Congo
1960–1969: Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)

 Brazzaville
Costa Rica The Americas 14 Nov 1838[note 13] 1838 Federal Republic of Central America 1948–present: Costa Rica Republic of Costa Rica (Second)

1848–1948: Costa Rica First Costa Rican Republic
1838–1847: Costa Rica Free State of Costa Rica

 San José
Croatia Europe 8 Oct 1991[27][28][29][30][31] 8 Oct 1991 Yugoslavia 1991–present: Croatia Republic of Croatia Zagreb
Cuba The Americas 20 May 1902 2 February 1909 United States 1959–present: Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state

1902–1959: Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state

 Havana
Cyprus Europe 16 Aug 1960 16 Aug 1960  United Kingdom 1960–present: Cyprus Republic of Cyprus

Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Cyprus Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983.

Nicosia
Czechia Europe 1 Jan 1993 1 Jan 1993 Czechoslovakia 1993–present: Czech Republic
 Prague
Denmark Europe 714[32] 5 May 1945 Germany 1864–present: Kingdom of Denmark (It consists of metropolitan Denmark (sometimes called "Denmark proper") and the realm's two autonomous (but not sovereign) regions: the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America)

1814-1864: Danish Unitary State - Kingdom of Denmark in personal union with the Duchy of Schleswig, Duchy of Holstein and Duchy of Lauenburg
1537–1814: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Denmark, in real union with the Kingdom of Norway, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein
1523–1537: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Denmark, in personal union with the Kingdom of Norway, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein
1397–1523: Kingdom of Denmark, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Norway. This union was known as the Kalmar Union
714-1397: Kingdom of Denmark

Copenhagen
Djibouti Africa 27 June 1977 27 June 1977  France 1977–present: Republic of Djibouti Djibouti
Dominica The Americas 3 Nov 1978 3 Nov 1978 United Kingdom 1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica Roseau
Dominican Republic The Americas 27 Feb 1844[note 14] 27 Feb 1844 Haiti 1844–present: Dominican Republic Santo Domingo
Ecuador The Americas 13 May 1830 13 May 1830 Gran Colombia 1830–present: Ecuador Republic of Ecuador
 Quito
Egypt Africa/Asia 28 Feb 1922[note 15] 28 Feb 1922 United Kingdom 1971–present: Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt

1958–1971: United Arab Republic[note 16]
1953–1958: Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt
1922–1953: Kingdom of Egypt

 Cairo
El Salvador The Americas 1 Feb 1841 [note 17] 1 Feb 1841 Federal Republic of Central America 1982–present: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador

1979–1982: El Salvador Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador
1922–1979: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador
1921-1922: In union with other Central American states in the Federation of Central America (confederation)
1898-1921: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador
1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in the Greater Republic of Central America (confederation)
1841-1898: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador

 San Salvador
Equatorial Guinea Africa 12 Oct 1968 12 Oct 1968 Spain 1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea Malabo
Eritrea Africa 24 May 1993 24 May 1993 Ethiopia 1993–present: State of Eritrea Asmara
Estonia Europe 24 Feb 1918[33] 20 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Estonia

1944-1991: Estonian government-in-exile
1940–1991: Estonian Diplomatic Service and Estonian government-in-exile (Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Estonia

 Tallinn
Eswatini Africa 6 Sep 1968 6 Sep 1968 United Kingdom 2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini

1968–2018: Kingdom of Swaziland

Lobamba (royal and legislative) and Mbabane (administrative)
Ethiopia Africa 1137 c. [note 18] 5 May 1941 Italy 1995–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, a federation

1991–1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia
1987–1991: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1974–1987: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
1941–1974: Ethiopian Empire
[34] 1936–1941: Occupied by Italy
[34] 1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire
c.1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom

 Addis Ababa
Fiji Australia 10 Oct 1970 10 Oct 1970 United Kingdom 1987–present: Republic of Fiji

1970–1987: Dominion of Fiji, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

 Suva
Finland Europe 6 Dec 1917 4 Jan 1918 Russian Empire 1919–present: Republic of Finland

1918–1919: Kingdom of Finland
1918: Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1917: Republic of Finland

Helsinki
France Europe 843 1944 Germany 1958—Present: France French Republic (Fifth; consisted of integral regions (five being overseas regions) and several overseas collectivities)

1946–1958: France French Fourth Republic
1944–1946: France Provisional Government of the French Republic
1940–1944: Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of the allies during WWII.
1940–1944: France Occupied by Germany in WWII making Vichy France, a Nazi Puppet.
1870–1940: France French Third Republic
1852–1870: France Second French Empire
1848–1852: France French Second Republic
1830–1848: France July Monarchy
1814/5–1830: France Bourbon Restoration
1804–1814/5: France First French Empire
1792–1804: France First French Republic
987–1792: Kingdom of France
843–987: Kingdom of West Francia (New State)(established by the Treaty of Verdun, after the dissolution of the Carolingian Empire)

 Paris
Gabon Africa 17 Aug 1960 17 Aug 1960  France 1960–present: Gabonese Republic Libreville
Gambia Africa 18 Feb 1965 18 Feb 1965 United Kingdom 1989–present: Republic of The Gambia

1982-1989: In union with Senegal in the Senegambia Confederation
1970–1982: Republic of The Gambia
1965–1970: Gambia, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

 Banjul
Georgia Asia/Europe 9 Apr 1991 9 Apr 1991 Soviet Union 1991–Present: Republic of Georgia
 Tbilisi
Germany Europe 1 July 1867 [note 19] 15 Mar 1991 West Berlin
World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Germany Allied-occupied Germany):
United Kingdom
United States
Soviet Union
France 		1990–Present: Germany Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign after reunification with the East Germany German Democratic Republic on 15 March 1991, after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect).

1949–1990: West Germany Federal Republic of Germany (Berlin West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany).
1945–1949: Germany occupied between the Allied-occupied Germany Allies (USA, UK, France and Soviet Union) (The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955).
1933–1945: Nazi Germany
1918–1933: Weimar Republic Weimar Germany (a federation)
1878–1918: German Empire (Prussia Unified in a federal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria).
1867–1878: Germany North German Confederation, new sovereign state and federal union of 22 German-speaking states (previously sovereign states).

 Berlin
Greece Europe 25 Mar 1822 1945  Bulgaria
Nazi Germany
 Italy 		1974–Present: Greece Third Hellenic Republic

1967–1974: Greece: Greek Dictatorship
1944–1973: Kingdom of Greece
1941–1944: Greece Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of the allies during WWII.
1935–1941: Kingdom of Greece
1924–1935: Greece Second Hellenic Republic
1832–1924: Kingdom of Greece
1822–1832: After the War of Independence Greece declared independent as the Greece First Hellenic Republic (New State)

 Athens
Grenada The Americas 7 Feb 1974 7 Feb 1974 United Kingdom 1974–present: Grenada, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom St. George's
Ghana Africa 6 May 1957 6 May 1957 United Kingdom 1960–Present: Republic of Ghana

1957-1960: Dominion of Ghana, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Accra
Guatemala The Americas 17 Apr 1839 17 Apr 1839 Federal Republic of Central America 1922–present: Guatemala Republic of Guatemala

1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1839–1921: Republic of Guatemala

 Guatemala City
Guinea Africa 2 Oct 1958 2 Oct 1958  France 1958–present: Republic of Guinea Conakry
Guinea-Bissau Africa 24 Sep 1973 10 Sep 1974  Portugal 1973–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Guyana The Americas 26 May 1966 26 May 1966 United Kingdom 1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana
1966–1970: Guyana, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Georgetown
Haiti The Americas 1 Jan 1804 1 Jan 1804 France 1859–present: Republic of Haiti

1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti
1820–1849: Republic of Haiti
1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti
1806–1811: State of Haiti
1804–1806: First Empire of Haiti

 Port-au-Prince
Honduras The Americas 26 October 1838 [note 20] May 1924 United States United States 1922–present: Honduras Republic of Honduras

1921–1922: In union with other Central American states in the Federation of Central America (confederation)
1898–1921: Republic of Honduras (United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924).[35]
1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in the Greater Republic of Central America (confederation)
1838 – 1896: Honduras Republic of Honduras

 Tegucigalpa
Hungary Europe 16 November 1918[note 21]. 1918
23 Oct 1989 		Austria-Hungary
 Soviet Union 		1989–present: Third Hungarian Republic

1949–1989: Hungarian People's Republic
1946–1949: Second Hungarian Republic
1920–1946: Kingdom of Hungary
1919–1920: Hungarian Republic
1919: Hungarian Soviet Republic
1918–1919: First Hungarian Republic (New State)

Budapest
Iceland Europe 1 Dec 1918 1 Dec 1918 Denmark
United Kingdom
Canada
United States 		1945–present: Republic of Iceland

1944–1945: Republic of Iceland (occupied by the United States)
1918–1944: Kingdom of Iceland, with a personal union with Denmark (Occupied by the United Kingdom and Canada in 1940 and 1941 and by the United States in 1941–1944)

Reykjavík
India Asia 15 Aug 1947 15 Aug 1947 United Kingdom 1950–present: India Republic of India, a federation

1947–1950: India Union of India, a federation and monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom

 New Delhi
Indonesia Asia/Australia 17 Aug 1945 27 Dec 1949 Netherlands 1956–present: Republic of Indonesia

1950-1956: Republic of Indonesia, a republic in real union with the Netherlands in the Netherlands-Indonesia Union (confederation)
1949-1950: Republic of the United States of Indonesia, a republic in real union with the Netherlands in the Netherlands-Indonesia Union (confederation)
1945–1949: Republic of Indonesia, in a National Revolution against Netherlands

Jakarta
Iran Asia 1501[note 22] 2 March 1946 United Kingdom/ Soviet Union
Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran 		1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran

1979–1980: Under an Interim Government
1925–1979: Imperial State of Iran (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946)(In 1935 the Iranian emperor Reza Shah Pahlavi officially requested that foreigners begin using the endonym "Iran" instead of Persia)
1796–1925: Guarded Domains of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
1736–1796: Guarded Domains of Persia (Afsharid dynasty)
1501–1736: Guarded Domains of Persia (Safavid dynasty)

 Tehran
Iraq Asia 3 Oct 1932[note 23] 1 May 2003 United States
United Kingdom
Australia
Poland 		2003–present: Republic of Iraq, a federation

2003: American Invasion[36]
1968–2003: Iraqi Republic
1958–1968: Iraqi Republic
1958: Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
1932–1958: Kingdom of Iraq

Baghdad
Ireland Europe 11 Dec 1931[note 24] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom 1948–present: Ireland (additionally described as the Republic of Ireland) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy).

1937–1948: Ireland (Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish: Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain)
1931–1937: Irish Free State, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom

Dublin
Israel Asia 14 May 1948 14 May 1948 United Kingdom 1948–present: State of Israel Jerusalem
Italy Europe 1720 2 May 1945 Allies of World War II:
 United Kingdom
United States
France
 Canada
 South Africa
Poland
Brazil
Greece 		1946–present: Italian Republic

1945–1946: Kingdom of Italy
1943–1945: Italian Social Republic, a Nazi Puppet.
1861–1943: Kingdom of Italy (Kingdom of Sardinia expands its territory and annexes the existing states on the Italian peninsula; these states become legally extinct under international law.)
1720–1861: Kingdom of Sardinia

 Rome
Ivory Coast Africa 7 Aug 1960 7 Aug 1960  France 1960–present Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
 Abidjan (former capital; still hosts some government offices) and Yamoussoukro (de jure)
Jamaica The Americas 6 Aug 1962 6 Aug 1962 United Kingdom 1962–present: Jamaica, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Kingston
Japan Asia 539[note 25] 28 Apr 1952 World War II Allies ( Allied-occupied Japan)

United States (de facto)

1952–present:  Japan (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation).

1945–1952: Japan Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period.
1868–1945: Empire of Japan
1603–1868: Tokugawa shogunate
1568–1603: Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama
1336–1568: Ashikaga shogunate
1333–1336: Kenmu Restoration
1185–1333: Kamakura shogunate
794–1185: Heian era
710–794: Nara era
538–710: Asuka era
c. 300–578: Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD).

 Tokyo
Jordan Asia 25 May 1946 2 Aug 1958 United Kingdom 1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Feb–Aug 1958: In union with Iraq in the Arab Federation (confederation)
1946–1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

 Amman
Kazakhstan Asia/Europe 16 Dec 1991 16 Dec 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Kazakhstan Astana
Kenya Africa 12 Dec 1963 12 Dec 1963 United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Kenya
1963–1964: Kenya, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Nairóbi
Kiribati Australia 12 July 1979 12 July 1979 United Kingdom 1979–present: Republic of Kiribati South Tarawa
North Korea Asia 9 Sep 1948 9 Sep 1948 Soviet Union 1948–present: North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea (New State) Pyongyang
South Korea Asia 15 Aug 1948 15 Aug 1948 United States 1987–present: South Korea Republic of Korea (Sixth)

1981–1987: Fifth Republic of Korea
1972–1981: Fourth Republic of Korea
1963–1972: Third Republic of Korea
1961–1963: Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1960–1961: Second Republic of Korea
1948–1960: First Republic of Korea (New State)

Seoul
Kosovo Europe 17 February 2008 17 February 2008 Serbia
United Nations Administered Kosovo 		2008–present: Republic of Kosovo Pristina
Kuwait Asia 19 June 1961 Feb 1991 Iraq 1991–present: State of Kuwait

1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq
1990: Republic of Kuwait
1961–1990: State of Kuwait

 Kuwait City
Kyrgyzstan Asia 31 Aug 1991 31 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993) Bishkek
Laos Asia 22 Oct 1953 22 Oct 1953  France 1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic

1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos

Vientiane
Latvia Europe 18 Nov 1918[37] 4 May 1990 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Latvia

1940–1991: Latvian diplomatic service in exile (Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991))
1918–1940: Republic of Latvia

 Riga
Lebanon Asia 22 Nov 1943 31 Dec 1946  France 1943–present: Lebanese Republic Beirut
Lesotho Africa 4 Oct 1966 4 Oct 1966 United Kingdom 1966–present: Kingdom of Lesotho Maseru
Liberia Africa 26 July 1847 26 July 1847 American Colonization Society 1847–present: Republic of Liberia (1980-1984: People's Redemption Council ) Monrovia
Libya Africa 1 Mar 1949[38] 24 Dec 1951  France
United Kingdom 		2011–present: State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya)

1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country)
1969–1977: Libyan Arab Republic
1963–1969: Kingdom of Libya
1951–1963: United Kingdom of Libya
1949-1951: Cyrenaica Emirate

Tripoli
Liechtenstein Europe 6 August 1806 6 August 1806 Holy Roman Empire 1806–present: Principality of Liechtenstein Vaduz
Lithuania Europe 16 Feb 1918 11 Mar 1990 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Lithuania

1940–1991: Lithuanian Diplomatic Service (Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Lithuania
1918: Lithuania Kingdom of Lithuania

 Vilnius
Luxembourg Europe 15 Mar 1815 1945 Germany
 1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty

1866–1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands
1815–1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands

Luxembourg
Madagascar Africa 26 June 1960 26 June 1960 France 2014–present: Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic)

2009–2014: High Transitional Authority
1992–2009: Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic)
1975–1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1960–1975: Malagasy Republic

 Antananarivo
Malawi Africa 6 July 1964 6 July 1964 United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Malawi Lilongwe
Malaysia Asia 31 Aug 1957[39] 31 Aug 1957 United Kingdom 1963–present: Malaysia, a federation

1957-1963: Federation of Malaya

Note:
The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state). Singapore became independent in 1965.

Kuala Lumpur (de jure, legislative and royal) and Putrajaya (administrative and judicial)
Maldives Asia 26 July 1965 26 July 1965 United Kingdom 1965–present: Republic of Maldives Malé
Mali Africa 20 Aug 1960 20 Aug 1960 France 1960–present: Republic of Mali Bamako
Malta Europe 21 Sep 1964 21 Sep 1964 United Kingdom 1974–present: Republic of Malta
1964–1974: State of Malta, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
 Valletta
Marshall Islands Australia 21 Oct 1986 21 Oct 1986 United States 1986–present: Republic of the Marshall Islands Majuro
Mauritania Africa 28 Nov 1960 28 Nov 1960 France 1960–present: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
 Nouakchott
Mauritius Africa 12 Mar 1968 12 Mar 1968 United Kingdom 1992–present: Republic of Mauritius

1968–1992: Mauritius, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

 Port Louis
Mexico The Americas 16 Sep 1810 1864 Spain 1867–Present: Mexico United Mexican States (a federation)

1864–1867: Mexico Second Mexican Empire (a unitary state)
1846–1863: Mexico Second Federal Republic of Mexico (a federation)
1835–1846: Mexico Centralist Republic of Mexico (a federation)
1823–1824: Mexico Provisional Government of Mexico
1821–1823: Mexico First Mexican Empire (unitary state)

 Mexico City
Micronesia, Federated States of Australia 3 Nov 1986 3 Nov 1986 United States 1986–present: Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia, a federation Palikir
Moldova Europe 27 Aug 1991 27 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Moldova Chișinău
Monaco Europe 2 Feb 1861[note 26] 1945 Germany 1911–present: Principality of Monaco Monaco
Mongolia Asia 13 Mar 1921 [note 27] 13 Mar 1921 Republic of China 1990-present: Mongolia

1945-1992: Mongolian People's Republic
1924-1945: Mongolian People's Republic
1921-1924: Bogd Khanate of Mongolia

Ulaanbaatar
Montenegro Europe 4 February 2003[note 28] 21 May 2006 (independence referendum)
June 3, 2006 		Yugoslavia 2006–present: Montenegro

2003-2006: In union with Serbia in the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (confederation)

Podgorica
Morocco Africa 5 Feb 788 18 Nov 1955 France
Spain 		1956–present:Morocco Kingdom of Morocco Rabat
Mozambique Africa 25 June 1975 25 June 1975 Portugal 1975–present: Republic of Mozambique Maputo
Myanmar Asia 4 Jan 1948 4 Jan 1948 United Kingdom 2008–present: Republic of the Union of Myanmar
1988-2008: Union of Myanmar
1962-1988: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
1948-1962: Union of Burma 		Naypyidaw
Namibia Africa 21 Mar 1990 21 Mar 1990 South Africa 1990–present: Republic of Namibia Windhoek
Nauru Australia 31 Jan 1968 31 Jan 1968 Australia
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Trust Territory of Nauru 		1968–present: Republic of Nauru Yaren
  Nepal Asia 1559 1559 Khasa Kingdom[40] 2008–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal

1768–2008: Kingdom of Nepal
1559–1768: Gorkha Kingdom

Kathmandu
Netherlands Europe 20 Nov 1813 [note 29] 1945 Germany 1945–present: Kingdom of the Netherlands (reestablished in 1945. Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)

1940–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany establishing as Dutch government-in-exile, a member of the allies during WWII.
1839–1940: Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1839: United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1813–1815: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (New State)

 Amsterdam
New Zealand Australia 25 Nov 1947[note 30] 25 Nov 1947 United Kingdom 1947–present: Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom.[41][42] (New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue)) Wellington
Nicaragua The Americas 13 Nov 1838[note 31] 2 Jan 1933 United States United States of America 1898–Present: Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua

1896–1898: In union with other Central American states in the Greater Republic of Central America (confederation)
1838-1896: Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua

Managua
Niger Africa 7 Aug 1960 7 Aug 1960 France 1960–present: Republic of the Niger Niamey
Nigeria Africa 1 Oct 1960 1 Oct 1960 United Kingdom 1963–present: Federal Republic of Nigeria, a federation

1960-1963: Nigeria, a federation and monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Abuja
North Macedonia Europe 8 Sep 1991 8 Sep 1991 Yugoslavia 2019–present: North Macedonia Republic of North Macedonia

1991–2019: North Macedonia/North Macedonia Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)

 Skopje
Norway Europe 872 8 May 1945 Germany 1940–present: Kingdom of Norway

1940–1945: Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat).
1905–1940: Kingdom of Norway (Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum in 1905).
1814–1905: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Norway.
1537–1814: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in real union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1523–1537: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union
872–1397: Kingdom of Norway (According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its current Law of Succession)

 Oslo
Oman Asia 1154 [note 32] 1976 Dhofar War:
United Kingdom
Pahlavi Iran 		1970–present Oman

1856-1970: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
1696-1856: Omani Empire
1154-1624: Imamate of Oman

Muscat
Pakistan Asia 14 Aug 1947 14 Aug 1947 United Kingdom 1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a federation

1947–1956: Pakistan, a federation and monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Islamabad
Palau Australia 1 Oct 1994 1 Oct 1994 United States 1994–present: Republic of Palau Ngerulmud
Palestine Asia 15 Nov 1988
Sovereignty disputed by Israel [note 33] 		15 Nov 1988 Israel 1988–present: State of Palestine Ramallah
Panama The Americas 3 Nov 1903 31 Jan 1990 United States 1990–present: Republic of Panama
1989–1990: American Invasion
1903–1989: Republic of Panama 		Panama City
Papua New Guinea Australia 16 Sep 1975 16 Sep 1975 Australia 1975–present: Independent State of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby
Paraguay The Americas 14 May 1811 (de facto)
Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence) 		1876 Empire of Brazil

Argentina
Uruguay

1876–present: Republic of Paraguay

Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[43] [note 34]
1813–1870: Republic of Paraguay [note 35]
1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but still de jure part of the Spanish Empire)

 Asunción
Peru The Americas 28 July 1821 25 Aug 1839 North Peru
South Peru
Río de la Plata
Chile Conservative Chile 		1839–Present: Peru Republic of Peru

1836–1839: Divided in North Peru and South Peru, in union with Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1822–1836: Peru Republic of Peru
1821-1822: Regime of Free Departments

 Lima
Philippines Asia 4 July 1946[note 36] 4 July 1946[note 37] United States 1946–present: Republic of the Philippines Manila
Poland Europe 11 November 1918 [note 38] 1945 Germany
 Soviet Union 		1989–present: Poland Republic of Poland

1947–1989: Polish People's Republic
1945–1947: Provisional Government of National Unity
1939–1990: Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
1939–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during WWII making the Polish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland was proposed to make a Government.
1918–1939: Republic of Poland

Warsaw
Portugal Europe 25 July 1139 30 Aug 1808[note 39]  France 1975–present: Portugal Portuguese Republic (Third)

1974–1975: Portugal National Salvation Junta
1933–1974: Portugal Second Portuguese Republic (Estado Novo/New State)
1926–1933: Portugal Second Portuguese Republic (National Dictatorship)
1910–1926: Portugal First Portuguese Republic
1834–1910: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1825-1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1815-1825: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Brazil declared its independence from Portugal in 1822, but Portugal only recognized it in 1825)
1777–1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era)
1640–1777: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1580–1640: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (and its colonial empire) in a personal union with the states of the Hispanic Monarchy, this union was known as the Iberian Union
1415–1580: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1139–1415: Kingdom of Portugal (Independent after the Battle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized).

 Lisbon
Qatar Asia 3 Sep 1971 3 Sep 1971 United Kingdom 1971–present: State of Qatar Doha
Romania Europe 10 May 1877 10 May 1877 Ottoman Empire 1989–present: Romania
1965-1989: Socialist Republic of Romania
1947-1965:Romanian People's Republic
1881-1947: Kingdom of Romania
1878-1881:Principality of Romania 		Bucharest
Russia Asia/Europe 1480 26 Dec 1991 (de facto)
12 Dec 1993 (de jure)[note 40] 		Soviet Union 1993–present: Russian Federation (a federation)

1991–1993: Russia Russian Federation (a federation)(with the 1978 constitution. The United Nations recognizes Russia as the successor state of the USSR.)
1922–1991: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a federation)
1918–1922: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federation)
19 January 1918: Russia Russian Democratic Federative Republic (a federation)
1917–1918: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federation)
14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917: Russian Republic (a federation)
1721–1917: Russian Empire (a unitary state)
1547–1721: Tsardom of Russia
1480–1547: Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state

 Moscow
Rwanda Africa 1 July 1962 1 July 1962 Belgium 1962–present: Republic of Rwanda Kigali
Saint Kitts and Nevis The Americas 19 Sep 1983 19 Sep 1983 United Kingdom 1983–present: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, a federation and monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Basseterre
Saint Lucia The Americas 22 Feb 1979 22 Feb 1979 United Kingdom 1979–present: Saint Lucia, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Castries
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The Americas 27 Oct 1979 27 Oct 1979 United Kingdom 1979–present: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Kingstown
Samoa Australia 1 Jan 1962 1 Jan 1962 New Zealand 1962–present: Independent State of Samoa Apia
San Marino Europe 1291 21 Sep 1944 World War II Allies 1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies during Battle of San Marino

1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States
1503: Brief occupation by Rimini
1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state
Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire
301: Traditionally said to have been founded by Saint Marinus[44]

San Marino
São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 12 July 1975 12 July 1975 Portugal 1975-1991: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé
Saudi Arabia Asia 23 Sep 1932 23 Sep 1932 Sultanate of Nejd
Kingdom of Hejaz
Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (real union) 		1932–present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [note 41]
 Riyadh
Senegal Africa 20 Aug 1960 20 Aug 1960 France 1989–present: Republic of The Gambia

1982-1989: In union with The Gambia in the Senegambia Confederation
1960-1982: Republic of Senegal

Dakar
Serbia Europe 13 April 1992 [note 42] 3 June 2006 Yugoslavia
Serbia and Montenegro 		2006–present: Republic of Serbia

2003–2006: Republic of Serbia, in union with Montenegro in the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (confederation and successor polity of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1992–2003: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)

 Belgrade
Seychelles Africa 29 June 1976 29 June 1976 United Kingdom 1976–present: Republic of Seychelles Victoria
Sierra Leone Africa 27 Apr 1961 27 Apr 1961 United Kingdom 1971–present: Republic of Sierra Leone

1961-1971: Dominion of Sierra Leone, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Freetown
Singapore Asia 9 Aug 1965 9 Aug 1965 Malaysia 1965–present: Republic of Singapore Singapore
Slovakia Europe 1 Jan 1993 1 Jan 1993 Czechoslovakia 1993–present: Slovak Republic Bratislava
Slovenia Europe 25 June 1991 25 June 1991 Yugoslavia 1991–present: Republic of Slovenia Ljubljana
Solomon Islands Australia 7 July 1978 7 July 1978 United Kingdom 1978–present: Solomon Islands, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Honiara
Somalia Africa 1 July 1960 1 July 1960 United Kingdom
Italy 		2012–present: Federal Republic of Somalia, a federation

2004-2012: Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, transition from unitary state to federation
2000-2004: Transitional National Government of Somalia, a unitary state
1997-2000: Somali Republic
1991-1997: Interim Government of the Somali Republic, a unitary state
1969-1991: Somali Democratic Republic, a unitary state
1960-1969: Somali Republic, a unitary state

Mogadishu
South Africa Africa 11 Dec 1931[note 43] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom United Kingdom 1961–present: Republic of South Africa (Democratization in 1994)

1931–1961: Union of South Africa, monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) and Pretoria (executive)
South Sudan Africa 9 July 2011 9 July 2011 Sudan 2011–present: Republic of South Sudan, a federation Juba
Spain Europe 1479 [note 44][45] 1813  France 1982–present: Spain Kingdom of Spain (with democracy)

1975–1982: Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice; transition to democracy)
1939–1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile)
1947: Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom
1936–1975: Francoist Spain
1931–1939: Second Spanish Republic
1874–1931: Spain Kingdom of Spain (restored again)
1873–1874: First Spanish Republic
1810–1873: Spain Kingdom of Spain (restored)
1803–1810: Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation.[note 45]
1716–1810: Spain Kingdom of Spain
1640–1716: Spain Hispanic Monarchy
1580–1640: Iberian Union (The states of the Hispanic Monarchy in personal union with the Kingdom of Portugal)
1516–1580: Spain Hispanic Monarchy (after the Reconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile and Aragon) and among other territories such as Navarre were merged by Charles I of Spain).
1479–1516: Dynastic unification of Spain, internally divided in Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon

Madrid
Sri Lanka Asia 4 Feb 1948 4 Feb 1948 United Kingdom 1972–present: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
1948–1972: Dominion of Ceylon, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Colombo (executive, judicial) and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official)
Sudan Africa 1 Jan 1956[note 46] 1 Jan 1956 United Kingdom
Egypt 		2019–present: Republic of the Sudan, a federation
1985-2019: Republic of Sudan, a federation
1969-1985:Democratic Republic of Sudan, a federation
1956-1969: Republic of Sudan, a federation 		Khartoum
Suriname The Americas 25 Nov 1975 25 Nov 1975 Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands 1975–present: Republic of Suriname Paramaribo
Sweden Europe 970 c. 1523 Kalmar Union 1905–present: Kingdom of Sweden

1814-1905: United Kingdom of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Norway.
1523-1814: Kingdom of Sweden
1397-1523: Kingdom of Sweden, in personal union with the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union
970-1397: Kingdom of Sweden

Stockholm
 Switzerland Europe 24 Oct 1648 1814 France 1848–present: Switzerland Swiss Confederation (second)

1814–1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815.
1803–1814: Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet state
1798–1803: Helvetic Republic, a French occupation
1648–1798: Old Swiss Confederacy: Swiss Confederation(Independence fully recognized by the Peace of Westphalia

 Bern
Syria Asia 28 Sep 1961[note 47] 28 Sep 1961 United Arab Republic 2024–present: Syrian Arab Republic (post-Fall of Assad regime)

1963-2024: Syrian Arab Republic, under the Assad regime
1961–1963: Syrian Arab Republic

 Damascus
Tajikistan Asia 9 Sep 1991 9 Sep 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Tajikistan Dushanbe
Tanzania Africa 26 April 1964 26 April 1964 Tanganyika
Zanzibar 		1964–present: United Republic of Tanzania

1964: United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar (New State)[note 48]

Dodoma
Thailand Asia 4 Mar 1351 1945 Japan 1939–present: Kingdom of Thailand (The country changed its name from Siam to Thailand)

1932-1939: Kingdom of Siam
1885-1932: Kingdom of Siam
1782-1885: Rattanakosin Kingdom
1767-1782: Thonburi Kingdom
1351–1767: Ayutthaya Kingdom

Bangkok
Timor-Leste Asia 20 May 2002 20 May 2002 Indonesia
United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor 		2002–present: Timor-Leste Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
 Dili
Togo Africa 27 Apr 1960 27 Apr 1960 France 1960–present: Togolese Republic Lomé
Tonga Australia 4 June 1970 4 June 1970 United Kingdom 1970–present: Kingdom of Tonga Nukuʻalofa
Trinidad and Tobago The Americas 31 Aug 1962 31 Aug 1962 United Kingdom 1976–present: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
1962-1976: Trinidad and Tobago, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Port of Spain
Tunisia Africa 20 Mar 1956[note 49] 20 Mar 1956 France 1957–present: Republic of Tunisia
1956-1957: Kingdom of Tunisia 		Tunis
Turkey Asia/Europe 1299[note 50] 1923 Greece
Italy
United Kingdom
France
Armenia Armenia
 1923–present: Republic of Turkey

1920–1923: Ottoman Empire, occupied by Greece, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres)[note 51]
1299–1920: Ottoman Empire

 Ankara
Turkmenistan Asia 27 Oct 1991 27 Oct 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Turkmenistan Ashgabat
Tuvalu Australia 1 Oct 1978 1 Oct 1978 United Kingdom 1978–present: Tuvalu, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Funafuti
Uganda Africa 9 Oct 1962 9 Oct 1962 United Kingdom 1963–present: Republic of Uganda
1962–1963: Uganda Uganda, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom 		Kampala
Ukraine Europe 24 August 1991[note 52] 24 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present:  Ukraine Kyiv
United Arab Emirates Asia 2 Dec 1971 2 Dec 1971 United Kingdom 1971–present: United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
United Kingdom Europe 1 Jan 1801 [note 53] 1 Jan 1801 Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of Great Britain
Kingdom of Ireland 		1922–present: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1801–1922: United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (New State)

 London
United States The Americas 4 July 1776 19 Oct 1781 Great Britain 1776–present: United States of America, a federation
 Washington, D.C.
Uruguay The Americas 27 Aug 1828 27 Aug 1828 Empire of Brazil 1830–present: Oriental Republic of Uruguay

1828–1830: Uruguay Oriental State of Uruguay

Montevideo
Uzbekistan Asia 1 Sep 1991 1 Sep 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Uzbekistan Tashkent
Vanuatu Australia 30 July 1980 30 July 1980 United Kingdom
France 		1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu Port Vila
Vatican City Europe 11 Feb 1929[note 54] 11 Feb 1929 Italy 1929–present: Vatican City Vatican City State Vatican City
Venezuela The Americas 13 Jan 1830 13 Jan 1830 Gran Colombia 1999–Present Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)

1953–1999: Venezuela Republic of Venezuela (a federal state)
1864–1953: Venezuela United States of Venezuela (a federal state)
1830–1864: State of Venezuela (a unitary state)

 Caracas
Vietnam Asia 2 July 1976 2 July 1976  North Vietnam
 South Vietnam 		1976–present: Socialist Republic of Vietnam (New State) [note 55] Hanoi
Yemen Asia 22 May 1990 22 May 1990 North Yemen
South Yemen 		1990–present: Republic of Yemen (New State)[note 56] Aden (de facto, temporary) and Sanaa (de jure)
Zambia Africa 24 Oct 1964 24 Oct 1964 United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Zambia Lusaka
Zimbabwe Africa 11 Nov 1965 18 Apr 1980 United Kingdom 1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe

1979-1980: Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1970-1979: Republic of Rhodesia
1965-1970: Rhodesia, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

Harare

List of countries by current form of government

Africa

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Algeria 8 December 1996 Constitution of Algeria
Angola 21 January 2010 Constitution of Angola
Benin 2 December 1990 Constitution of Benin
Botswana 30 September 1966 Constitution of Botswana
Burkina Faso 11 June 1991 Constitution of Burkina Faso
Burundi 9 March 1992 Constitution of Burundi
Cape Verde 1992 Constitution of Cape Verde
Cameroon 18 January 1996 Constitution of Cameroon
Central African Republic 27 March 2016 Constitution of the Central African Republic
Chad 31 March 1996 Constitution of Chad
Comoros 23 December 2001 Constitution of the Comoros
Democratic Republic of Congo 18 February 2006 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of Congo 2001 Constitution of the Republic of the Congo
Djibouti 15 September 1992 Constitution of Djibouti
Egypt 18 January 2014 Constitution of Egypt
Equatorial Guinea 17 November 1991 Constitution of Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea 23 May 1997 Constitution of Eritrea
Eswatini 2005 Constitution of Eswatini
Ethiopia 21 August 1995 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
Gabon 2001 Constitution of Gabon
Gambia 16 January 1997 Constitution of The Gambia
Ghana 28 April 1992 Constitution of Ghana
Guinea 7 May 2010 Constitution of Guinea
Guinea-Bissau 6 May 1984 Constitution of Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast 8 November 2016 Constitution of Ivory Coast
Kenya 27 August 2010 Constitution of Kenya
Lesotho 1993 Constitution of Lesotho
Liberia 6 January 1986 Constitution of Liberia
Libya 3 August 2011 Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration
Note:
In 2014 the House of Representatives takes power.[note 57]
Madagascar 14 November 2010 Constitution of Madagascar
Malawi 16 May 1994 Constitution of Malawi
Mali 12 January 1992 Constitution of Mali
Mauritania 12 July 1991 Constitution of Mauritania
Mauritius 12 March 1968 Constitution of Mauritius
Morocco 14 December 1962 Constitution of Morocco
Mozambique 21 December 2004 Constitution of Mozambique
Namibia 9 February 1990 Constitution of Namibia
Niger 25 November 2010 Constitution of Niger
Nigeria 29 May 1999 Constitution of Nigeria
Rwanda 26 May 2003 Constitution of Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe 5 November 1975 Constitution of São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal 1 January 2001 Constitution of Senegal
Seychelles 1993 Constitution of Seychelles
Sierra Leone 1996 Constitution of Sierra Leone
Somalia 1 August 2012 Constitution of Somalia[note 58]
South Africa 4 February 1997 Constitution of South Africa
South Sudan 9 July 2011 Constitution of South Sudan
Sudan 4 August 2019 Constitution of Sudan
Tanzania 25 April 1977 Constitution of Tanzania[note 59]
Togo 6 May 2024 Constitution of Togo
Tunisia 25 July 2022 Constitution of Tunisia
Uganda 8 October 1995 Constitution of Uganda
Zambia 2016 Constitution of Zambia
Zimbabwe 9 May 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe

Americas

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Antigua and Barbuda 31 October 1981 Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina 1 May 1853 Constitution of Argentina
Bahamas 1973 Law of the Bahamas
Barbados 30 November 1966 Constitution of Barbados
Belize 21 September 1981 Constitution of Belize
Bolivia 25 January 2009 Constitution of Bolivia
Brazil 5 October 1988 Constitution of Brazil
Canada 1867-1982 Constitution of Canada (uncodified constitution)
Chile 11 September 1980 Constitution of Chile
Colombia 4 July 1991 Constitution of Colombia
Costa Rica 7 November 1949 Constitution of Costa Rica
Cuba 10 April 1949 Cuban Revolution
Dominica 3 November 1978 Constitution of Dominica
Dominican Republic 26 January 2010 Constitution of the Dominican Republic [note 60]
Ecuador 28 September 2008 Constitution of Ecuador
El Salvador 16 December 1983 Constitution of El Salvador
Grenada 7 February 1974 Constitution of Grenada[47]
Guatemala 31 May 1985 Constitution of Guatemala
Guyana 6 October 1980 Constitution of Guyana
Haiti 20 June 2012 Constitution of 1987 (superseded)
Honduras 11 January 1982 Constitution of Honduras
Jamaica 1 January 1962 Constitution of Jamaica
Mexico 5 February 1917 Constitution of Mexico
Nicaragua 9 January 1987 Constitution of Nicaragua
Panama 11 October 1972 Constitution of Panama
Paraguay 20 June 1992 Constitution of Paraguay
Peru 31 December 1993 Constitution of Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis 23 June 1983 Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia 22 February 1979 Constitution of Saint Lucia[48]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979 Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[49]
Suriname 30 September 1987 Constitution of Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago 1976 Constitution of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago[50]
United States 4 March 1789 United States Constitution
Uruguay 18 July 1830 Constitution of Uruguay
Venezuela 20 December 1999 Constitution of Venezuela

Asia

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Afghanistan 15 August 2021 No Constitution
Fall of Kabul reestablished the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Armenia 5 July 1995 Constitution of Armenia [note 61]
Bahrain 14 February 2002 Constitution of Bahrain
Bangladesh 4 November 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh
Bhutan 18 July 2008 Constitution of Bhutan
Brunei 29 September 1959 Constitution of Brunei
Cambodia 21 September 1993 Constitution of Cambodia
People's Republic of China 4 December 1982 Constitution of China
India 26 November 1949 Constitution of India
Iran 3 December 1979 Constitution of Iran
Iraq 15 October 2005 Constitution of Iraq
Israel 1958 Basic Laws of Israel (uncodified constitution) [note 62]
Japan 3 May 1947 Constitution of Japan
Jordan 11 January 1952 Constitution of Jordan
North Korea 25 December 1972 Constitution of North Korea
South Korea 17 July 1948 Constitution of South Korea
Kuwait 11 November 1962 Constitution of Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan 11 April 2021 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan
Laos 14 August 1991 Constitution of Laos
Lebanon 23 May 1926 Constitution of Lebanon
Malaysia 27 August 1957 Constitution of Malaysia
Maldives 7 August 2008 Constitution of the Maldives
Mongolia 13 January 1992 Constitution of Mongolia
Myanmar 29 May 2008 Constitution of Myanmar
  Nepal 20 September 2015 Constitution of Nepal
Oman 6 November 1996 Basic Statute of Oman
Pakistan 14 August 1973 Constitution of Pakistan
Palestine[note 63] 28 May 1964 Palestinian National Covenant
Philippines[note 64] 2 February 1987 Constitution of the Philippines
Qatar 9 April 2004 Constitution of Qatar
Saudi Arabia 1 March 1992 Basic Law of Saudi Arabia
Singapore 9 August 1965 Constitution of Singapore
Sri Lanka 7 September 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka
Syria 29 March 2025 Constitutional Declaration of Syria
Tajikistan 6 November 1994 Constitution of Tajikistan
Thailand 6 April 2017 Constitution of Thailand
Timor-Leste 20 May 2002 Constitution of East Timor
Turkmenistan 18 May 1992 Constitution of Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 Constitution of the United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan 8 December 1992 Constitution of Uzbekistan
Vietnam 1 January 2014 Constitution of Vietnam
Yemen 16 May 1990 Constitution of Yemen

Europe

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Albania 28 November 1998 Constitution of Albania
Andorra 2 February 1993 Constitution of Andorra
Austria 1 October 1920 Constitution of Austria
Belarus 15 March 1994 Constitution of Belarus
Belgium 7 February 1831 Constitution of Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina 14 December 1995[note 65] Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria 12 July 1991 Constitution of Bulgaria
Croatia 22 December 1990[note 65] Constitution of Croatia
Czechia 16 December 1992 Constitution of Czechia
Denmark 25 May 1849 Constitution of Denmark
Estonia 28 June 1992 Constitution of Estonia [note 66][note 67]
Finland 1 March 2000 Constitution of Finland
France 4 October 1958 Constitution of France
Germany 23 May 1949 Basic Law of Germany
Greece 11 June 1975 Constitution of Greece
Hungary 18 April 2011 Constitution of Hungary
Iceland 17 June 1944 Constitution of Iceland
Ireland 29 December 1937 Constitution of Ireland
Italy 22 December 1947 Constitution of Italy
Kosovo 15 June 2008 Constitution of Kosovo
Latvia 7 November 1922 Constitution of Latvia [note 66][note 67]
Liechtenstein 5 October 1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein
Lithuania 25 October 1992 Constitution of Lithuania [note 66][note 67]
Luxembourg 17 October 1868 Constitution of Luxembourg
Malta 21 September 1964 Constitution of Malta
Moldova 29 August 1994 Constitution of Moldova
Monaco 17 December 1962 Constitution of Monaco
Montenegro 19 October 2007 Constitution of Montenegro
Netherlands 24 August 1815 Constitution of the Netherlands
North Macedonia
(until 2019 Republic of Macedonia) 		17 November 1991 Constitution of North Macedonia
Norway 17 May 1814 Constitution of Norway
Poland 2 April 1997 Constitution of Poland
Portugal 25 April 1976 Constitution of Portugal
Romania 21 November 1991 Constitution of Romania
San Marino 1600 Constitution of San Marino
Serbia 8 November 2008 Constitution of Serbia [note 65]
Slovakia 1 October 1992 Constitution of Slovakia [note 68]
Slovenia 23 December 1991 Constitution of Slovenia
Spain 6 December 1978 Constitution of Spain
Sweden 1 January 1974 Instrument of Government
 Switzerland 18 July 1999 Swiss Federal Constitution
Ukraine 28 June 1996 Constitution of Ukraine
United Kingdom 1 January 1801 Acts of Union 1800
Vatican City 26 November 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State

Oceania

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Australia 1 January 1901 Constitution of Australia
Fiji 6 September 2013 Constitution of Fiji
Kiribati 1979 Constitution of Kiribati
Marshall Islands 1 May 1979 Constitution of the Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia 10 May 1979 Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru 31 January 1968 Constitution of Nauru
New Zealand 6 February 1840
1979-2016 		Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes[51]
Constitution of New Zealand
Palau 1 January 1981 Constitution of Palau
Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975 Constitution of Papua New Guinea
Samoa 28 October 1960 Constitution of Samoa
Solomon Islands 31 May 1978 Constitution of Solomon Islands
Tonga 4 November 1875 Constitution of Tonga
Tuvalu 1986 Constitution of Tuvalu
Vanuatu 30 July 1980 Constitution of Vanuatu

Transcontinental states

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government
Azerbaijan 12 November 1995 Constitution of Azerbaijan
Cyprus 16 August 1960 Constitution of Cyprus[52][53][54]
Egypt 18 January 2014 Constitution of Egypt
Georgia 24 August 1995 Constitution of Georgia (country)
Indonesia 18 August 1945 Constitution of Indonesia
Kazakhstan 30 August 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan
Panama 11 October 1972 Constitution of Panama
Russia 12 December 1993 Constitution of Russia.
Turkey 7 November 1982 Constitution of Turkey.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 11 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of Jan 2024), Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
  2. ^ controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan
  3. ^ Despite bearing the name "confederation", the Argentine Confederation was viewed internationally by its contemporaries as a single sovereign state, with a central government in charge of foreign relations.
  4. ^ On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence
  5. ^ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  6. ^ Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Margraviate of Austria (later the Duchy of Austria and then the Archduchy of Austria) in 970 AD, this being a state of the Holy Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century, when Austrian Empire emerged as a full sovereign state, later, this state (then known as Cisleithania) would become one of the constituent states of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). The Republic of German-Austria denied any successorship to the Empire of Austria. Thus, in modern international law, Austria emerged as a new state in 1918. Later, the country was annexed by Germany in 1938, which in theory would cause it to lose its sovereignty and extinguish its international legal personality. Austria separated from Germany at the end of World War II in 1945. However the Moscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void, so the current Austrian state is considered to be the same state in continuity with the one that emerged in 1918.
  7. ^ The medieval Principality of Polotsk became an extinct state after its dissolution in 1307. The first state to use the name Belarus existed from March to December 1918. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
  8. ^ Treaty of Rio de Janeiro)
  9. ^ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
  10. ^ The Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became an extinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
  11. ^ People's Republic of China consider itself the successor state of the Republic of China, the latter considers itself the successor state of the Great Qing. The latter emerged from Great Jin. History of Chinese dynasties (with the rules of modern international law on state succession): The mythological Xia (if it existed) became an extinct state when it was conquered by Shang. Shang also became an extinct state when it was annexed by Zhou. In turn, Zhou became extinct as a state when it was annexed by Qin. Despite the change of dynasties, Qin and Han are considered the same state. Han became an extinct state when it collapsed into Three Kingdoms, with the three states emerging as new states (a situation similar to what occurred with Austria-Hungary and Yugoslavia in the 20th century). Cao Wei, Jin, Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when conquered by Sui. Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou, Song are dynasties of the same state, which became extinct when it was annexed by the Great Yuan. Great Ming emerged as a new state when separated from Great Yuan but became extinct when conquered by Great Qing. Despite the regime change to a republic and later to a socialist republic, the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China are considered to be the same state as the former Qing dynasty.
  12. ^ Qing conquered and annexed Great Ming in 1644, making Great Ming an extinct state.
  13. ^ Costa Rica celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. Costa Rica did not participate of the attempts to recreate Central America as a unified country.
  14. ^ The Republic of Spanish Haiti became an extinct state after its reconquest by Haiti. Modern state of Dominican Republic dates from 1844
  15. ^ Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
  16. ^ A federal state that emerged from the union of Egypt and Syria; however, Syria left the union in 1961. The only remaining federated state, Egypt, is considered the successor state. This is because the United Arab Republic was a member of the United Nations from February 21, 1958, until September 2, 1971 (ten years after Syria left the union and became a sovereign state again), when its changed its name to the Arab Republic of Egypt.
  17. ^ El Salvador celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations. The seat of power in the last attempt was located in Honduras.
  18. ^ Approximate date of the establishment of the Zagwe dynasty. Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of the Ethiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
  19. ^ Germans dates their national identity to the establishment of East Francia and to the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1806, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Throughout the 19th century, confederations were formed between these sovereign states until they all united into a federation in 1867. This federal state that emerged from the merger of these smaller states is considered a new state (a process similar to what happened with the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century and with Yemen, Vietnam, and Tanzania throughout the 20th century). The German Democratic Republic (East Germany or GDR), was completely abolished after the German reunification in 1990 and became an extinct state (in fact, it was the most recent case in history). Modern Germany is a reunification of the GDR into the Federal Republic of Germany, not a GDR successor state.
  20. ^ Honduras celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The Federation of Central America was the last failed attempt to unify these countries in 1921-1922. However, a federal government was never created, and its member states continued to be members of the League of Nations as if they were sovereign nations.
  21. ^ Hungarians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, later, this state would become one of the constituent states of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. However, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy dissolved into smaller sovereign states in 1918, without a clear successor among them (something similar to what happened with Yugoslavia at the end of the 20th century). Thus, in modern international law, modern Hungary emerged as a new state in 1918, alongside Austria and the now-extinct states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (both extinct in the 1990s)
  22. ^ Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Median Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
  23. ^ Iraq is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Sumerian Civilization and other ancient Mesopotamian civilizations. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iraqi state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1932
  24. ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Internationally recognized independence, by nations that aren't members of the Commonwealth of Nations
  25. ^ Beginning of the reign of the first Japanese emperor proven to have existed historically
  26. ^ The first Franco-Monégasque Treaty
  27. ^ Mongolia celebrates its independence day on December 29th, as on this day in 1911, the country declared its independence from China. However, in 1915, Mongolia again lost its sovereignty, becoming an autonomous state within the Republic of China. In 1921, in the context of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the country regained its independence; however, China questioned this sovereignty until 1945.
  28. ^ Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
  29. ^ The Dutch trace their national identity back to the establishment of the Republic of the Seven Provinces of the Netherlands in 1581 (recognized as an independent nation from the Holy Roman Empire in 1648). However, the last successor state to this country, the Kingdom of Holland, became an extinct state due to annexation by Napoleon Bonaparte's First French Empire. Thus, under modern international law, the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands is a new state.
  30. ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  31. ^ Nicaragua celebrates its independence on September 15th, as it was on this date that Central America (then an unified country) separated from Spain in 1815. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, this federation dissolved, and there have been multiple attempts to restore it. The last failed attempt to unify these countries occurred in 1921-1922. However, Nicaragua did not join the other countries in this attempt; the last time it joined a federation was between 1896 and 1898, in the Greater Republic of Central America.
  32. ^ Independence from Seljuk Empire
  33. ^ On 15 November 1988, the Palestine Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967. Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005. The West Bank was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967.
  34. ^ Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country
  35. ^ Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina ], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
  36. ^ The First Philippine Republic was an unrecognized state and became an extinct state after being terminated by the United States. The Second Philippine Republic was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire became an extinct state after the American reconquest of the archipelago. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
  37. ^ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).
  38. ^ As a new state, not as a nation
  39. ^ Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon
  40. ^ Russia dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. A new Russian sovereign state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nation again had a sovereign state, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by president Boris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-general Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
  41. ^ Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of the Emirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did the Emirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made a real union with Hejaz. In 1932, Hejaz and Nejd were merged, creating a new state, according to the International Law
  42. ^ As a new state, not as a nation. The current Serbian state emerged in 1992, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia. The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia ruled that the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro) could not legally be considered a continuation of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but it was a new state. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest by other states or by joining other states (of their own volition) in a federation. It is important not to confuse the concept of state with that of the nation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was a Stateless nation
  43. ^ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  44. ^ Spain is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. In International Law, Spain emerged as a new state in 1479, with the dynastic union between Castille and Aragon. The two kingdoms began to act externally as a single political entity because they shared the same sovereign and, above all, the same foreign policy. The outside world (non-Spanish foreign leaders) saw a single diplomatic actor: "the Hispanic Monarchy" or "Spain." Internally, however, Castile and Aragon remained separate until 1716, with their own institutions, laws, and administrations. International Law is not interested in internal administrative configurations, but in the presence of a single sovereign subject in external relations. When Philip V of Spain legally unified the kingdoms between 1707 and 1716 in the Nueva Planta decrees, abolishing fueros and local courts, there was no change to the international system: the sovereign was the same, the territory was the same, the treaties remained valid, and the powers recognized absolute continuity. Thus, for International Law, a new State was not born; what occurred was merely an internal reorganization.
  45. ^ During Napoleon's invasion of Spain, Spain was occupied by France. In fear of invasion, the King of Portugal went to Rio de Janeiro, in the Portuguese colony of Brazil
  46. ^ Sudan dates its national identity to the Kingdom of Kerma, Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.e Nubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
  47. ^ Syria was one of the founding members of the United Nations, having joined the organization on October 24, 1945. By uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic into a political union, the Second Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became an extinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The UAR continued as a single UN member state. On October 13, 1961, following the dissolution of the UAR, Syria resumed its status as an sovereign state and regained its position as a separate member of the United Nations. However, Syrians celebrate 17 April as their independence day, as it was on 17 April 1946 that the nation ceased to be a colony of France.
  48. ^ The United Nations considers Tanzania a new state, resulting from the union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.
  49. ^ The national identity of Tunisia dates back to the Ancient Carthage. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Tunisian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1956
  50. ^ The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being known in English as the Turkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their language Kurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
  51. ^ Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans)
  52. ^ Ukraine dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, however this state became an extinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by the Russian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  53. ^ The United Kingdom is a unitary state that emerged from the political union of different states throughout history. Northern Ireland has been part of this political union since 1922, when the rest of Ireland declared its independence from the United Kingdom. Ireland had united with Great Britain in 1800 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, creating a new state according to the International Law. The Kingdom of Great Britain itself emerged from the political union between the Kingdom of England (which had already conquered and annexed the Principality of Wales centuries before) and the Kingdom of Scotland, also creating a new state in the process according to international law.
  54. ^ The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a new creation,[46] not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.
  55. ^ The United Nations recognizes the Socialist Republic of Vietnam as a new state created by unification.
  56. ^ Yemen is a new state created by the merger of two predecessor states. Legally, both states dissolved to create a single state. When North and South Yemen signed the Unification Agreement (1990), each extinguished its independent international legal personality. This is the central characteristic of a merger union.
  57. ^ Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups, and foreign groups such as ISIL.
  58. ^ With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
  59. ^ Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania in 1997 ended status as one-party state
  60. ^ In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
  61. ^ 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum created a parliamentary republic
  62. ^ Most recent law: 2018
  63. ^ See Palestinian National Authority for some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
  64. ^ Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.
  65. ^ a b c According to the Badinter Arbitration Committee, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
  66. ^ a b c The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.
  67. ^ a b c The annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
  68. ^ Adopted before the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

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