Lady Sarah Napier

Lady Sarah Napier
Portrait, 1760
Born
Lady Sarah Lennox

(1745-02-14)14 February 1745
Richmond House, London, England
Died26 August 1826(1826-08-26) (aged 81)
Cadogan Place, London, England
Burial placeSt Mary on Paddington Green Church, London, England
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1762; div. 1776)​
​
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(m. 1781; died 1804)​
Children
Parents

Lady Sarah Napier (née Lennox, later Bunbury; 14 February 1745 – 26 August 1826) was a British aristocrat who achieved fame for her status as a royal favourite and her scandalous extramarital affairs. One of the famous Lennox sisters, she was the frequent subject of gossip and press coverage during the Georgian era.

A daughter of the 2nd Duke of Richmond, Sarah inherited great wealth and connections through her descent from King Charles II. Her father held court appointments and frequently brought his young daughter with him, where she became a royal favourite at Kensington Palace. She spent her late childhood in Ireland before returning to London for her first season. The future King George III fell in love with her over a two-year period, a connection that led to Sarah becoming a pawn of political factions hoping to influence him. He was eventually persuaded that marriage was impossible and instead wed a German princess.

Sarah’s subsequent marriage in 1762 with Charles Bunbury, a race horsing enthusiast, was troubled. Six years later, she scandalously had a child and eloped with her lover, leading to divorce. The affair caused her fall from grace and led to a 12-year effective exile from fashionable society. She later wed George Napier in what would be a happy marriage living modestly in Ireland; they had eight children, four of whom would become prominent officers in the British Army or Navy.

For a longtime, Sarah remained a conspicuous symbol of the feminized improprieties attributed to cosmopolitan society. Her relationship with George III contributed to his reputation as a puritan suffering from repressed sexuality. Sarah and her sisters' surviving letters provide much insight into the ordinary lives of Georgian era women. In the 20th-century, multiple books about Sarah's life and correspondence were published. A biography by Stella Tillyard was adapted into a 1999 television drama series about her family in which she was portrayed by the actress Jodhi May.

Early life

Family background

Lady Sarah Lennox was born at Richmond House, London,[1] on 14 February 1745. Her parents were Charles, 2nd Duke of Richmond, and his wife Sarah, daughter and co-heir of William, 1st Earl Cadogan.[2][3][4] As such, young Sarah was born into great wealth and connections. Her paternal grandfather, Charles, 1st Duke of Richmond, was an illegitimate son of King Charles II by his mistress Louise de Kérouaille. Through this connection, the 1st Duke had been granted many titles in England and France, and perhaps more importantly, wealth through an annuity and a share of certain coal taxes in Newcastle. This coal allocation would become a significant source of the family's wealth, as mining and manufacturing grew during the Industrial Revolution.[5] The Lennox family's royal connections increased under King George II and Queen Caroline when the 2nd Duke and his wife obtained court appointments.[4][6]

Though arranged, the Richmonds had an unusually loving marriage and produced a large family; Sarah was the second youngest of twelve children, seven of whom survived to adulthood.[7] Compared to the rigid formality typical of the era, the family was inseparable and unconstrained;[8] Sarah was considered lively in an already energetic family.[9] Her father had many intellectual interests, including in biology and medicine, eventually forming a small menagerie of animals and entertaining prominent scientists at their country estate, Goodwood House. He also had a passion for the arts, serving as president of several organizations including the Royal Society of Arts.{[4][10] By the time Sarah was six years old, however, both of her parents were dead. The Duke's will dictated that she and her nearest siblings, Louisa and Cecilia, would be brought up by their second eldest sister Emily, Countess of Kildare, who lived at Carton House in County Kildare, Ireland.[3][11]

Education and coming of age

Carton House, 1824

More than ten years older than her siblings, Emily acted as both a sister and second mother to them. Wealthy, she already had numerous children of her own and did not mind raising a few more.[12] Her children were of a similar age to Sarah, who acted more as their playmate than their aunt. For information on her education, Sarah's letters do not include many details. It is known that they were educated at home under the care of governesses.[13] Emily did not consider herself a bluestocking, but did seek out the latest ideas in French education for women, including those of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Madame de Sévigné, and Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont. As a member of the Protestant Ascendancy that ruled over Ireland, Sarah would also have acquired significant experience socialising with her aristocratic peers.[14][13]

As dictated in their father's will, Emily reluctantly sent her fourteen-year-old sister back to London for her first season in 1759.[15] Provided with a dowry of £10,000 to find a worthy husband, Sarah stayed at Holland House, the home of her eldest sister, Lady Caroline Fox.[3][16] Described by Caroline as "immensely pretty" and in possession of a "vastly engaging" manner, Sarah was also at first awkward and unsure of her attractions.[17] She soon gained a reputation for beauty;[3] her brother-in-law, the politician Henry Fox, characterised her as "different from & prettyer than any other girl [he] ever saw... her beauty is not easily described, otherwise by saying she had the finest complexion, most beautiful hair, with a sprightly and fine air, a pretty mouth, remarkably fine teeth & excess of bloom in her cheeks".[18]

Royal favourite

Childhood at court

Sarah's father, the Duke of Richmond, had a long career of service to the British Crown and was a strong supporter of the Hanoverian Royal Family.[4] He was proud of his young daughter's prettiness and charisma and often brought her to court at Kensington Palace. From an early age Sarah was a favourite of King George II, who presided over a dull court and found amusement in her energy and playfulness. During one visit, the king set her in a large Chinese jar and shut the lid; instead of being fearful, to his delight she sang a rendition of the folk song Malbrough s'en va-t-en guerre.[3][19] While on another visit, Sarah grew impatient to see the king and escaped her governess to surprise him with a sudden approach, declaring "Comment vous portez vous Monsieur le Roi, vous aves une grande et belle maison ici, n’est ce pas?"; the impropriety of the incident was saved when she prettily curtsied.[20]

Relationship with George III

George III when Prince of Wales (portrait by Joshua Reynolds, 1759)

When Sarah returned to London many years later, she was again invited to Kensington for her presentation at court.[21] She quickly caught the eye of the king's twenty-one-year-old grandson George, Prince of Wales.[18][22] Over a two-year period, he fell in love with her, writing that "she is everything I can form to myself lovely".[23] Sarah was flattered by the attention and fond of the shy prince, though they barely spoke during their first meeting and afterwards she spent more time in her diary describing her clothing than his appearance.[24] After that first encounter in 1759, she continued to appear at the weekly assemblies held by the court. He gradually found the courage to ask her questions and learn more about her life and family.[25]

The Prince of Wales kept his feelings private but eventually confided in his advisor and friend, Lord Bute, who replied that marriage with a non-royal spouse was impossible and started looking for a suitable match.[26][27] Henry Fox, at first amused by the relationship, began encouraging her appearances at court – even if it did not end in marriage – as he hoped to use the connection to supplant Bute's influence with the prince or at least advance himself to an earldom.[28][29] In response, part of Bute's objection to Sarah was that her elevation would bring increased power to Fox and the rest of her family at Bute's expense.[30] Fox in particular was considered corrupt and unscrupulous, a dangerous connection for the Royal Family.[31] George's mother, the Dowager Princess of Wales, also opposed the match.[3]

In October 1760, King George II died and the prince ascended the throne as George III. The new king was still interested, possibly hinting to her close friend Susan Fox-Strangways that he wanted an English queen and that Sarah would be a worthy candidate.[26] However, a year after George's ascension, his engagement was announced to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz,[32] a German princess considered plain but also unlikely to interfere in politics.[33] George had finally, albeit reluctantly, recognised his duty, writing in his diary that Bute "has thoroughly convinced me of the impossibility of ever marrying a countrywoman... The interest of my country shall ever be my first care, my own inclinations shall ever submit to it; I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation, and consequently must often act contrary to my passions".[34] His piousness and sense of virtue precluded him from taking Sarah as a mistress.[35]

Sarah was surprised and embarrassed to learn of the betrothal, feeling that she had been deceived and upset that she "look[ed] like a fool".[26] She was not, apparently, too struck by disappointment; Fox observed that she seemed sadder over the death of her pet squirrel,[36] and Sarah also noted in a letter that she had only liked the king, not loved him.[37] Fox encouraged her to participate in the wedding as one of the ten bridesmaids carrying Charlotte's train,[38][39] so the king would "behold your pretty face and repent".[40] In later life, Sarah expressed relief that she had not become queen.[3] The historian John Brooke describes the relationship as an infatuation in which neither would have been happy.[41]

Marriage to Charles Bunbury

Sarah (left) with her close friend Susan Fox-Strangways and nephew Charles James Fox (portrait by Joshua Reynolds, 1762)

Throughout Sarah’s association with the king and in its aftermath, Caroline searched for a suitable marriage candidate. After the royal nuptials failed to materialize, Sarah's self-confidence was low and she worried about finding a good match as her three elder sisters had.[9][42] By the end of the London season in 1761, the most suitable options – such as the Duke of Marlborough – had moved on to others or been ruled out by her.[42] A brief, secret engagement with Lord Newbattle did not move forward.[3][43] Another prospect, considered handsome and witty, emerged at the end of that year.[44]

Charles Bunbury, the 22-year-old MP for Suffolk, often attended political discussions at Holland House and began courting her. Though the eldest son of a baronet, he was not considered by her family to have a large enough fortune for them to live in fashionable society. Nonetheless, Caroline was ready for her matchmaking duties to be over, and the match was approved.[45] Sarah, perhaps perceiving the familial and social pressure, consented to the match.[46] The male adults in their lives – Sir William Bunbury, Henry Fox, and her brother, the 3rd Duke of Richmond – negotiated the marriage settlement.[47] The couple were wed on 2 June 1762 in Holland House's chapel.[48] Upon their marriage, they went to live at Barton Hall, Bunbury’s country estate in Suffolk.[49][50] He inherited his father's title in 1764.[3]

Divorce and social exile

The relationship was troubled nearly from the start. During their courtship Sarah barely mentioned Bunbury in her letters, indicating a possible lack of enthusiasm.[47] After the wedding, she viewed him as emotionally distant and quickly grew anxious for his affection.[51][52] Though good-natured, Bunbury's primary interest was horse racing and he was often away from home on the topic.[53] Lonely, Sarah filled her days with distractions such as gardening and visiting the bustling market town of Bury St Edmunds, as well as seeking solace in her family.[54] She also tried to help her husband's political career; during one event, she reportedly secured 94 out of 100 votes while canvassing in the borough of Morpeth.[55]

Sarah blamed herself for the failings of their marriage. Four years in, she grew tired of pretending it was successful and started behaving recklessly. She visited Paris, where her ostentatious flirting and gambling became the subject of gossip.[56][57] She had relationships or affairs with several men, but the most prominent and long-lasting was with Lord William Gordon. She gave birth to his illegitimate daughter, Louisa Bunbury, on 19 December 1768 and guiltily admitted the child's paternity to Bunbury. Seeking to avoid a scandal, he agreed to raise Louisa but demanded that Sarah give up her lover.[58] Sarah feared that leaving her husband would lead to her involuntary commitment, a circumstance that was not uncommon among unfaithful or troublesome wives.[59][60] Nevertheless, she and Lord William eloped shortly afterwards, taking the infant with them.[61] Morally, she felt that she could not impose an illegitimate child upon her husband.[62] Bunbury refused to take her back, and Sarah returned to her brother's house with her daughter.[63] On 22 April 1769, her husband pursued a judicial separation through Doctors' Commons on grounds of adultery:

Lady Sarah Bunbury, being of loose and abandoned disposition, and, being wholly unmindful of her conjugal vow, &c. did contract and carry on a lewd and adulterous conversation with [...] Lord William Gordon, and they had frequently carnal knowledge of each other: the party proponent therefore prays right [...] that he may be pronounced to be divorced from bed, board, and mutual cohabitation with [...] Lady Sarah Bunbury, his wife.[64][65]

The affair caused a great scandal and gained widespread coverage in newspapers and other media.[3][66] Sarah's notoriety was enhanced by her previous connection to the king and her royal ancestry, as well as the general public's antipathy towards openly licentious aristocrats.[67] Town and Country, for instance, published a detailed description in April 1769 and declared, "Rank and beauty have been her ruin".[68] After fleeing with Lord William to Scotland, Sarah's family persuaded her to separate. By December, she and her daughter were residing in a small manor house called Halnaker on the Lennox family estate, Goodwood House.[64][69] It was not until 14 May 1776 that the decree of divorce was issued,[53][70] as they were expensive, rare, and required an Act of Parliament.[71] Her sister Louisa was relieved that the divorce coincided with the bigamy trial of Elizabeth Chudleigh, which garnered much attention.[72]

In 18th-century Britain, a wife's public adultery effectively meant the end of her social life.[73] For twelve years, Sarah lived a self-described "solitary life" that was "sorrowfully confined",[74] and was initially allowed to only socialise with family members. Halnaker was outdated, so after 7 years, her brother allowed for the construction of a new home on his estate, called Molecomb House. Sarah had a deep interest in architecture and assisted with its design. The historian Amy Boyington writes that the project "provided her with a sense of purpose and usefulness during the long years of social obscurity" and allowed her to finally "live independently and respectably."[75] The finalization of her divorce in 1776 also allowed her to revert to using her maiden name and provided her with opportunities to travel away from Goodwood House.[76][77]

Marriage to George Napier

George Napier, Sarah's second husband

In 1776,[78] Lady Sarah befriended the Hon. George Napier, an impoverished army officer and younger son of the Scottish peer Francis Napier, 6th Lord Napier.[39][79] Though the connection was made through her brother Lord George, their relationship drew concern from her family since Napier was already married. He was pressured to transfer to another regiment and saw active service in the ongoing American Revolution.[80] After the death of his wife, the pair were able to wed on 27 August 1781 at Goodwood House.[3][79] The marriage was happy,[39][81] and they had eight children, three of whom would go on to have distinguished military careers in the British Army and another in the Navy.[3][82]

  • General Sir Charles James Napier (10 August 1782 – 29 August 1853); married Elizabeth Oakeley in 1827 and Frances Philipps in 1835.[83]
  • Emily Louisa Augusta Napier (1783–18 March 1863); married Lt.-Gen. Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet (nephew of her mother's first husband).[83][84]
  • Lieutenant-General Sir George Thomas Napier (30 June 1784 – 8 September 1855); married Margaret Craig in 1812 and had children; he married Frances Blencowe in 1839.[83]
  • Lieutenant-General Sir William Francis Patrick Napier KCB (17 December 1785 – 12 February 1860); married Caroline-Amelia Fox (granddaughter of Henry and Caroline Fox) in 1812 and had children.[83][85]
  • Richard Napier (1787–13 January 1868); married Anna-Louisa Stewart, daughter of Sir James Stewart, 7th Baronet, in 1817.[83]
  • Captain Henry Edward Napier RN (5 March 1789 – 13 October 1853); married Caroline Bennett (an illegitimate daughter of his uncle, the 3rd Duke of Richmond) and had children.[83][84]
  • Caroline Napier (1790–1810); died of consumption.[83][86]
  • Cecilia Napier (1791–1808); died of consumption.[83][86]

Later life

Sarah in later years (by Walker & Cockerell)

Though she never regained her former prominence, her new identity as Lady Sarah Napier enabled her to revive relationships with former friends in London.[87] She grew to see herself as a military wife, rather than an indolent aristocrat from a failed marriage. Buoyed with a sense of usefulness, she helped George with administrative tasks such as paying his recruiting officers.[88] They had a limited income; Sarah only possessed a small annual allowance of £500 from her divorce settlement and often had to request the assistance of friends and relatives in finding military and government appointments for her husband.[89] In August 1784, her sister Louisa's husband, Thomas Conolly, allowed the growing family to live in his country home at Stretton Hall, Staffordshire. A few months later the Napiers moved in with the Conollys at Castletown House, near Emily, thus reuniting the three sisters in Ireland for the first time since their childhood. Three years later, Thomas helped the Napiers buy a modest home in nearby Celbridge.[90][91]

Sarah's first child, Louisa Bunbury, died of consumption at the age of seventeen, shortly after the birth of her third son. The grieving mother found solace in religion, praising her daughter's "angellick disposition" and writing that "her death carried up my thoughts to that Heaven where I know she is".[92] Her second daughter, Emily Napier, was raised by her childless sister Louisa.[93] Sarah had a warm relationship with her five sons, later writing that she strove to be a friend whom they could confide in while leaving their "management" to her husband.[94] While George gave them a sense of duty and provided military training, she oversaw everything else; she passed on her love of literature, including of her favourite story, Alexander Pope's translation of the Iliad.[82]

Sarah eventually resigned herself to the family's modest standard of living, writing that "we can feed, clothe, and keep (at a common house in the village) our boys, though we can neither have carriages, dress, company or many luxuries".[95] Her husband's career brought them into contact with people from different classes, including conscripted men and common labourers. Sarah enjoyed the mixing of ranks, and saw her sons raised as "servants of empire" alongside those of other prosperous families. Separated financially and politically from the power held by their Lennox relatives, they lacked a sense of belonging with the aristocratic class and instead were raised to idolise the military; four of them would attain high ranks in the British Army or Navy – three generals and one captain. [96]

George Napier's health steadily worsened and he died on 13 October 1804 at the age of fifty-three.[97] His death devastated Sarah, who wrote "I have lost him who made me like this world. It is now a dreary expanse... while he lived, I saw all objects through the medium of my own happiness."[98] George's will had left her nearly everything, including his debts.[39][99] To economise, Sarah moved in with her widowed sister Louisa and sought financial assistance from King George as repayment for her husband's faithful career in the Crown's service. The king granted her a pension of £800, nearly 50 years after his early courtship.[38][81][100] Sarah returned to London and used the funds to repay debts and buy a residence at Cadogan Place. In later years, Sarah’s diminishing eyesight left her reliant on her daughter Louisa, with whom she closely tracked the exploits of her sons engaged in the Napoleonic Wars. By 1818, Sarah's mind began to fail. She died on 26 August 1826 at Cadogan Place amongst her surviving children,[3][101] and was buried on 30 August at St Mary on Paddington Green Church.[102]

Legacy

Notorious in her day, Sarah is described by the historian Andrew Roberts as "one of the great femmes fatales of the era".[103] Between 1769 and 1772, she – alongside the high-profile divorces of Henrietta Grosvenor and Penelope Ligonier – captivated London’s press and gossip circles, becoming a long-standing symbol of "feminized metropolitan licentiousness for years afterwards".[104] During a 1788 episode of mental illness (likely porphyria), George III’s invocation of Sarah's name contributed to his reputation of secretly being "a highly sexed puritan suffering from repressed sexuality".[105]

Depictions in art and literature

Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces (portrait by Joshua Reynolds, 1765)

Sarah was the subject of multiple works of art, including engravings and paintings, which were swiftly reproduced.[106] A year into their marriage, Charles Bunbury commissioned a portrait of his wife with the society painter Joshua Reynolds. The work, Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces, now sits on display at the Art Institute of Chicago.[107][108] The work represents one of Reynolds's first – and most theatrical – efforts to fuse the genre of history painting with his modern subjects, often by placing them in historical dress amidst classical scenery.[109] It inspired the caricaturist James Gillray's 1787 parody La Belle Assemblêe, which depicts five women who do not meet the idealistic beauty standards often portrayed in Georgian art.[110]

Throughout their lives, the Lennox sisters maintained regular correspondence with each other. Though not all their letters survived, they still provide almost a century's worth of intimate insight into the ordinary lives of highly-connected women during the Georgian era.[111][112] For Irish historians, they represent the largest collection of firsthand accounts on aristocratic domestic life and have impacted much of the period's scholarship. Historians such as A.P.W. Malcomson have viewed this outsized impact as problematic, as their views of elite society in Ascendancy Ireland were often disdainful.[113]

Many years after Sarah's death, Mary and Henry Fox-Strangways edited a two-volume collection of her correspondence. Published in 1901 as The Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, 1745-1826,[114][115] it includes nearly 60 years of letters with her close friend Susan Fox-Strangways and others.[116] The New York Times in 1902 described the publication as "peculiarly interesting" correspondence that "preserves the memory of many noteworthy persons in graphic, intimate descriptions... [from] a truly excellent mind whose discretion was only surpassed by its indiscretion".[117]

The American writer Edith Roelker Curtis drew upon the Fox-Strangways' work and published a 1946 biography entitled Lady Sarah Lennox, An Irrepressible Stuart.[118][119] The English writer Priscilla Napier published many books about her husband's ancestors, including a 1971 biography entitled The Sword Dance: Lady Sarah Lennox and the Napiers;[120] drawing extensively from her letters, the work chronicles Sarah's early life at the British court, her ensuing two marriages, and the military careers of her sons.[121] In 1994, the historian Stella Tillyard published a biography of the Lennox sisters that drew upon thousands of their letters.[122] Named Aristocrats, it was later adapted by the BBC and Screen Ireland into a six-part drama series and released in 1999; Sarah was played by the actress Jodhi May.[123][124]

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  122. ^ "Aristocrats". Kirkus Reviews. 1 September 1994. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  123. ^ King, Susan (10 October 1999). "Letters to My Sisters". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 December 2025.
  124. ^ Mermelstein, David (8 October 1999). "Aristocrats". Variety. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
Works cited
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