Ingerophrynus
| Ingerophrynus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Crested toad (Ingerophrynus biporcatus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Bufonidae |
| Genus: | Ingerophrynus Frost et al., 2006[1] |
| Species | |
|
12 species (see text) | |
Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with 12 species.[2][3] The genus is found in southern Yunnan and Southeast Asia; from Myanmar and Indochina to peninsular Thailand and Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, Sulawesi, and the Philippines.[2] This genus was established after a major taxonomical revision of frogs in 2006.[1]
Taxonomy and systematics
Ten species currently assigned to this genus were formerly treated as members of the genus Bufo, most of them within the assemblage previously referred to as the Bufo biporcatus group. The remaining species were transferred to Ingerophrynus on the basis of molecular phylogenetic evidence.[1]
In 2007, a further species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was described and included in the genus.[4]
Phylogenetically, Ingerophrynus is regarded as the sister taxon of Sabahphrynus.[2]
Etymology
The generic name Ingerophrynus honors Robert F. Inger, an American zoologist from the Field Museum of Natural History.[1][5]
Description
The diagnostic characters of the Bufo biporcatus group are the presence of supraorbital, parietal, and supratympanic crests, lack of a tarsal ridge, presence of vocal sacs but absence of melanophores in the surrounding muscle tissue, lack of tibial glands, lack supinator manus humeralis and adductor longus muscles, presence of paired crests on the vertebral column, rugose skull, squamosal bones with broad dorsal otic plates, and smooth palatine bones.[6]
Species
| Binomial name and binomial authority | common name |
|---|---|
| Ingerophrynus biporcatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) | crested toad |
| Ingerophrynus celebensis (Günther, 1859) | Sulawesian toad |
| Ingerophrynus claviger (W. Peters, 1863) | Benkulen toad |
| Ingerophrynus divergens (W. Peters, 1871) | Malayan dwarf toad |
| Ingerophrynus galeatus (Günther, 1864) | bony-headed toad |
| Ingerophrynus gollum L. Grismer, 2007 | |
| Ingerophrynus kumquat (Das & Lim, 2001) | |
| Ingerophrynus ledongensis (Fei, Ye & Huang, 2009) | |
| Ingerophrynus macrotis (Boulenger, 1887) | big-eared toad |
| Ingerophrynus parvus (Boulenger, 1887) | lesser Malacca toad |
| Ingerophrynus philippinicus (Boulenger, 1887) | Philippine toad |
| Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus (Boulenger, 1887) | greater Malacca toad |
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Ingerophrynus.
References
- ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R.; Grant, Taran; Faivovich, Julián; Bain, Raoul H.; Haas, Alexander; Haddad, Célio F. B.; De Sá, Rafael O.; Channing, Alan; Wilkinson, Mark; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Campbell, Jonathan A.; Blotto, Boris L.; Moler, Paul; Drewes, Robert C.; Nussbaum, Ronald A.; Lynch, John D.; Green, David M.; Wheeler, Ward C. (2006). "The amphibian tree of life". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 297: 1–370. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)297[0001:TATOL]2.0.CO;2. Cite error: The named reference "FrostEtAl" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. "Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 12 February 2026. Cite error: The named reference "Frost" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
- ^ Grismer, Lee L.; Grismer, Jesse L. (2007). "A new species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia". Zootaxa. 1401: 63–68.
- ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Exeter, England: Pelagic Publishing. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. (ePub).
- ^ Grismer, L. Lee (2007). "A new species of Ingerophrynus (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rain forest in southern peninsular Malaysia". Journal of Herpetology. 41 (2): 225–230. doi:10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[225:ansoia]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 4498578. S2CID 198157730.